０３年時点では馬国はIRBMを推進するとの表明をしていたが、その後すぐIWRMに変った。IRBMはIWRMのサブセットであり当然のこと。０３年時はDANIDAの支援を受けていたことでIRBMが先に紹介されたのであろう。さて、肝心のRBMの機能とは何か？
1, Plan: Formulation of medium- to long-term plans for managing and developing water
resources in the basin.
2. Construct facilities: Activities executed for the design and construction of hydraulic infrastructure.
3. Maintain facilities: Activities executed to maintain the serviceability of the hydraulic infrastructure in the basin.
4. Allocate water: Mechanisms and criteria by which water is apportioned among different use sectors, including the environment.
5. Distribute water: Activities executed to ensure that allocated water reaches its point of use.
6. Monitor and enforce water quality: Activities executed to monitor water pollution and salinity levels and ensure that they remain at or below accepted standards.
7. Preparedness against water disasters: Flood and drought warning, prevention of floods, and development of emergency works, drought preparedness, and coping mechanisms.
8. Resolve conflicts: Provision of space or mechanisms for negotiation and litigation.
9. Protect ecosystems: Priorities and actions to protect ecosystems, including awareness campaigns.
10. Coordinate: Harmonization of policies and actions undertaken in the basin by state and nonstate actors relevant to land and water management.
Note: The functions listed here subsume supporting functions such as data collection and resource mobilization, which are not ends in themselves, but rather facilitate the higher level functions listed.
Source: Adapted from Svendsen, Wester, and Molle 2005.
だからといって、これらを実施することがIWRMではないのである。こういった基本的な機能を効果的・効率的に実施するには何をどうintegrateするか？この視点でIWRMの問題点、課題を考えるといいんだろうか。IWRMを指導する側として。IWRMのbefore and afterか。
2009年1月29日木曜日
2009年1月28日水曜日
７７：IWRM計画だけでは進まない！！
ヘルシンキ工科大学水研究所の水と開発に関わる論文集は結構面白い。IWRM実践の障害についても事例をベースに普遍的な事項をまとめている。IWRMを否定する側でないが、大変参考になる。
下記抜粋。セネガル川とメコン川の比較研究から９つの問題点を議論している。
1. Regulation vs. development
These two functions have too often been confused, and one agency has at the same time
issued permits and regulations and been active e.g. in dam construction, thus judging its own operation. Self-regulationis ultimately an aspect that should be avoided by all means, and societies are becoming more and more sensitive to this issue.
2. Institutions are a grand mix
The institutional set-up is a complicated mix of various international, national, governmental and non-governmental, commercial or subsistence-related, and many other agencies and stakeholders. The stakes and ambitions within a river basin do not originate alone from the basin itself.
3. Weak vertical (between local, national and international levels) and horizontal (between sectors) coordination
It seems to be common that the international basin agencies do not work fluently in accord with national authorities. In West Africa as well as in the Mekong countries, water management tasks have been delegated and split among a number of government
departments influencing negatively the implementation of the IWRM. The basin agencies usually stand in a difficult position, trying to fit their own ambitions to those of the many national governments, donor agencies and non-governmentalorganizations.
4. Unrealistic plans
The MRC is infamous for its ambitious plans over decades to develop hydropower,
navigation, irrigated agriculture and other economic activities in the basin with
full force. However, wars, institutional incapabilities, shortage of resources and lately massive opposition by emerging civil society organizations have stood against these and they have mainly failed. In West Africa, the numerous IWRM planning projects have failed for similar reasons. The plans have partly been unrealistic in terms of the institutional capacity of the nations, of their suitability to other existing plans, and of their acceptability by different stakeholders. MRC’s
present strategy and the subsequent actions are interesting in this respect, and they deservea careful process of scrutiny among the West African water professionals.
5. Lack of communication and participation
In both West Africa and Southeast Asia, the development of open communication and
public participation has had a cumbersome starting point. The style of the MRC is
evolving towards open communication, social considerations and participatory approaches are starting to be more and more common in the investigations leading to plans. Internet is already used in many ways and much development work is under way. In this respect, the West African organizations have still much to learn.
6. Strategic philosophy vs. tactical technique
It has become clear that IWRM is a far more strategic, even philosophic issue than often recognised. One example is the MRC's ongoing Basin Development Plan process,
which is the third of its kind in the history. The first two ones both never got implemented. Both of them shared the typical problem of such plans: they were not rooted into the reality of the societies and the cultures of the riparian countries. River basins are the cradles of the mankind, and each basin has its own ages-old and recent history. The former one is a potpourri of cultural, ethnic, political and other factors and the latter one includes institutional arrangements and governance
characteristics. They all influence the implementation of IWRM. The water sector
should build its own efforts on these realities (see also Mehtonen et al. 2008).
7. Mainstreaming IWRM into development
Without the common recognition and ownership of the IWRM concepts in the villages, at the local governance, at the government level and in the international setting, IWRM remains a theoretical concept with not much sound scientific background from real-life development projects and not much sustainable impact on the environment,
society and economy. It is important to see IWRM in the broad, cross-cutting framework of other development issues.
8. Water sector is not alone
In the IWRM recommendations, the water sector is typically seen as too disconnected
from other sectors. The water sector itself is a many-dimensional mosaic of activities, with no clear disciplinary boundaries (cf. Mohile, 2005; Rahaman, 2005). Energy, agriculture, environment, health etc. sectors are part of the water sector in the Mekong Basin, but they are also sectors by their own right, and parts of other sectors. We should of course try to bring these all together, but recognize too that many other sectors are suffering with similar integration challenges—in some of them water being an important component.
9. National borders cross many basins
It is important to recognize that IWRM requires massive international efforts due to
the transboundary character of the problems, accorded typically with complicated and
diffi cult political settings. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation entitled that all major river basins of the world should have an IWRM and water effi ciency plan by the end of 2005. The Mekong and Senegal experiences show that approaching the myriad of problems and challenges of the world’s major river basins with such a one-shot plan are challenging in many ways (Mehtonen et al., 2008).
いつもながらIWRMの欠点や障害を挙げているが、成功例ばかり探していると実践は不可能であるのではないかという実務家の予感からである。
下記抜粋。セネガル川とメコン川の比較研究から９つの問題点を議論している。
1. Regulation vs. development
These two functions have too often been confused, and one agency has at the same time
issued permits and regulations and been active e.g. in dam construction, thus judging its own operation. Self-regulationis ultimately an aspect that should be avoided by all means, and societies are becoming more and more sensitive to this issue.
2. Institutions are a grand mix
The institutional set-up is a complicated mix of various international, national, governmental and non-governmental, commercial or subsistence-related, and many other agencies and stakeholders. The stakes and ambitions within a river basin do not originate alone from the basin itself.
3. Weak vertical (between local, national and international levels) and horizontal (between sectors) coordination
It seems to be common that the international basin agencies do not work fluently in accord with national authorities. In West Africa as well as in the Mekong countries, water management tasks have been delegated and split among a number of government
departments influencing negatively the implementation of the IWRM. The basin agencies usually stand in a difficult position, trying to fit their own ambitions to those of the many national governments, donor agencies and non-governmentalorganizations.
4. Unrealistic plans
The MRC is infamous for its ambitious plans over decades to develop hydropower,
navigation, irrigated agriculture and other economic activities in the basin with
full force. However, wars, institutional incapabilities, shortage of resources and lately massive opposition by emerging civil society organizations have stood against these and they have mainly failed. In West Africa, the numerous IWRM planning projects have failed for similar reasons. The plans have partly been unrealistic in terms of the institutional capacity of the nations, of their suitability to other existing plans, and of their acceptability by different stakeholders. MRC’s
present strategy and the subsequent actions are interesting in this respect, and they deservea careful process of scrutiny among the West African water professionals.
5. Lack of communication and participation
In both West Africa and Southeast Asia, the development of open communication and
public participation has had a cumbersome starting point. The style of the MRC is
evolving towards open communication, social considerations and participatory approaches are starting to be more and more common in the investigations leading to plans. Internet is already used in many ways and much development work is under way. In this respect, the West African organizations have still much to learn.
6. Strategic philosophy vs. tactical technique
It has become clear that IWRM is a far more strategic, even philosophic issue than often recognised. One example is the MRC's ongoing Basin Development Plan process,
which is the third of its kind in the history. The first two ones both never got implemented. Both of them shared the typical problem of such plans: they were not rooted into the reality of the societies and the cultures of the riparian countries. River basins are the cradles of the mankind, and each basin has its own ages-old and recent history. The former one is a potpourri of cultural, ethnic, political and other factors and the latter one includes institutional arrangements and governance
characteristics. They all influence the implementation of IWRM. The water sector
should build its own efforts on these realities (see also Mehtonen et al. 2008).
7. Mainstreaming IWRM into development
Without the common recognition and ownership of the IWRM concepts in the villages, at the local governance, at the government level and in the international setting, IWRM remains a theoretical concept with not much sound scientific background from real-life development projects and not much sustainable impact on the environment,
society and economy. It is important to see IWRM in the broad, cross-cutting framework of other development issues.
8. Water sector is not alone
In the IWRM recommendations, the water sector is typically seen as too disconnected
from other sectors. The water sector itself is a many-dimensional mosaic of activities, with no clear disciplinary boundaries (cf. Mohile, 2005; Rahaman, 2005). Energy, agriculture, environment, health etc. sectors are part of the water sector in the Mekong Basin, but they are also sectors by their own right, and parts of other sectors. We should of course try to bring these all together, but recognize too that many other sectors are suffering with similar integration challenges—in some of them water being an important component.
9. National borders cross many basins
It is important to recognize that IWRM requires massive international efforts due to
the transboundary character of the problems, accorded typically with complicated and
diffi cult political settings. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation entitled that all major river basins of the world should have an IWRM and water effi ciency plan by the end of 2005. The Mekong and Senegal experiences show that approaching the myriad of problems and challenges of the world’s major river basins with such a one-shot plan are challenging in many ways (Mehtonen et al., 2008).
いつもながらIWRMの欠点や障害を挙げているが、成功例ばかり探していると実践は不可能であるのではないかという実務家の予感からである。
７６：ネパールのIWRM動向 (Local Water Parliaments)
スリランカには行った事があるが、インド、パキスタン、バングラディッシュ、ネパールといった南アジアはとんと縁がない。唯一、サウジでは出稼ぎ者の方々とは出会っている。
さて、ネパールのIWRM事情は最近学ぶところとなったが、トップダウン方式に加え、ボトムアップ型のcommunity-based IWRMの導入が進められている。国家水政策におけるサポートがある点が珍しい。ある意味、トップダウンとボトムアップのintegrationである。下記に紹介記事を前述の国際会議からご紹介する。
Water Parliament: Integrated Water Resource Management
(IWRM): in the Hands of People
Mr. Nawaraj Basnet, Dr. Vijaya Shrestha, Dr. Karuna Onta
Nepal is blessed with abundance of surface water resources. Approximately, 6,000 rivers and rivulets flow through Nepal. Despite its massive water resource potential, only 72 percent of the population has access to piped water facilities.
Likewise, 42 percent of the cultivated area 92,642,000 ha has irrigation of some sort. Only 17 percent of the cultivated area has irrigation facility available throughout the year. The country has 43,000 MW economically viable hydro-power
potential. Major problems faced in Nepal are lack of effective dialogue and interaction between the national water institutions, civic group entities, political parties and community institutions involved in water resources development at various levels. Secondly and mostimportantly, the stakeholders are not involved during the decision-making processes at various levels, although historically community initiatives and institutions played a major role in water resource development.
The Government of Nepal has developed National Water Plan and National Water Resources Strategy to ensure better management of water resources by adopting the principles of IWRM. Guided by the Country National Water Plan and Water Resource Strategy, Jalsrot Vikas Sanstha (JVS) a host organization of Nepal Water Partnership, in 2007 initiated a process to introduce IWRM at the community level in Sindhupalchowk district at Melamchi river basin through Local Water Parliaments (LWP). People learnt about the water use rights and multiple uses of water at the individual level and at the community level they come together and develop their water resource plan. The reach and scope of LWP has increased beyond their community helping them leverage resources from other organization. They have recognized their important role in taking control and management of their water resources. In order to make IWRM truly meaningful and effective LWP should be linked with Area Water Partnership.
LWPの詳細は中々得られないが今後フォローしようと思う。世界各国のIWRM実践の知恵比べといったところか。
さて、ネパールのIWRM事情は最近学ぶところとなったが、トップダウン方式に加え、ボトムアップ型のcommunity-based IWRMの導入が進められている。国家水政策におけるサポートがある点が珍しい。ある意味、トップダウンとボトムアップのintegrationである。下記に紹介記事を前述の国際会議からご紹介する。
Water Parliament: Integrated Water Resource Management
(IWRM): in the Hands of People
Mr. Nawaraj Basnet, Dr. Vijaya Shrestha, Dr. Karuna Onta
Nepal is blessed with abundance of surface water resources. Approximately, 6,000 rivers and rivulets flow through Nepal. Despite its massive water resource potential, only 72 percent of the population has access to piped water facilities.
Likewise, 42 percent of the cultivated area 92,642,000 ha has irrigation of some sort. Only 17 percent of the cultivated area has irrigation facility available throughout the year. The country has 43,000 MW economically viable hydro-power
potential. Major problems faced in Nepal are lack of effective dialogue and interaction between the national water institutions, civic group entities, political parties and community institutions involved in water resources development at various levels. Secondly and mostimportantly, the stakeholders are not involved during the decision-making processes at various levels, although historically community initiatives and institutions played a major role in water resource development.
The Government of Nepal has developed National Water Plan and National Water Resources Strategy to ensure better management of water resources by adopting the principles of IWRM. Guided by the Country National Water Plan and Water Resource Strategy, Jalsrot Vikas Sanstha (JVS) a host organization of Nepal Water Partnership, in 2007 initiated a process to introduce IWRM at the community level in Sindhupalchowk district at Melamchi river basin through Local Water Parliaments (LWP). People learnt about the water use rights and multiple uses of water at the individual level and at the community level they come together and develop their water resource plan. The reach and scope of LWP has increased beyond their community helping them leverage resources from other organization. They have recognized their important role in taking control and management of their water resources. In order to make IWRM truly meaningful and effective LWP should be linked with Area Water Partnership.
LWPの詳細は中々得られないが今後フォローしようと思う。世界各国のIWRM実践の知恵比べといったところか。
2009年1月27日火曜日
７５：CWRMの続き
先月１２月の半ば、スリランカのコロンボで南アジア水資源政策の関わる国際会議が開かれた。インドのSaciWATERsが主催していた。
CWRMがまだ使われている事例が登場している。
Developing water policy in a multi-party system
Rajindra de S Ariyabandu
Over a decade of efforts to develop a holistic Water Resource Management (WRM) policy have failed. Sri Lanka is a classic case of attempting to develop policy, nationally demanded but designed by external actors without adequate attention to
context and consultation. Thus, the policy process generated intense controversy and became both the tool and victim of national policies.
Due to inherent tradition of paddy cultivation, water has a powerful social, cultural and a political role. Although water scarcity is not an immediate problem, increase urbanizations and industrialization, demands a rational system of water allocation. Water resources management in Sri Lanka faces a number of challenges including multiplicity of institutions dealing with water, inadequate laws and lack of a comprehensive data base. Consensus emerged in early 1990s to formulate a comprehensive water resources policy. Subsequently, number of donor agencies including the Asian Development Bank played a key role in investing to establish a comprehensive policy. Despite over a decade of investments and efforts, these initiatives were never implemented largely due to poor understanding of the country context with its multiparty system of government, strong cultural values, vocal civil society and a politicized media willing to exploit controversies.
The Comprehensive Water Resources Management Project (1992) which assessed the institutional capacity of WRM recommended a single overarching policy, law and an apex body to manage water resources. In the years to follow these efforts were supported by donor agencies, culminating in the Water Resources Management project (2001), which attempted capacity development of the new institutional arrangement for Comprehensive Water Resources Management (CWRM). Although the guiding principles of CWRM was institutionalizing Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) through an overarching policy, the new policy attempted to introduce several unfamiliar approaches like, entitlements ( ownership rights) to water, transferability and water pricing. Following controversial land reforms and cases of water privatization elsewhere in the world, these measures were strongly opposed by civil society as commodification of water. Institutional arrangement proposed under the new policy also caused controversy and confusion among traditional institutions. Besides, the policy was used as a political tool both by politicians and media. Further, the policy development process was always piecemeal subject to political interruptions. Finally, the process was never underpinned by strong stakeholder consultation or effective communication to solicit support. In the face of mounting difficulties and lack of political commitment, policy development process effectively collapsed with the withdrawal of financial support for CWRM in 2006.
こういう正直な記述が出来るのがインド系なのかなーと思う。IWRMの問題点から出発して初めて成功という事実が評価できるのではないだろうか。良識ある発想という姿勢がほしいよな。CWRMがなぜ突然消えて、IWRMがプロモートされたのか？
CWRMがまだ使われている事例が登場している。
Developing water policy in a multi-party system
Rajindra de S Ariyabandu
Over a decade of efforts to develop a holistic Water Resource Management (WRM) policy have failed. Sri Lanka is a classic case of attempting to develop policy, nationally demanded but designed by external actors without adequate attention to
context and consultation. Thus, the policy process generated intense controversy and became both the tool and victim of national policies.
Due to inherent tradition of paddy cultivation, water has a powerful social, cultural and a political role. Although water scarcity is not an immediate problem, increase urbanizations and industrialization, demands a rational system of water allocation. Water resources management in Sri Lanka faces a number of challenges including multiplicity of institutions dealing with water, inadequate laws and lack of a comprehensive data base. Consensus emerged in early 1990s to formulate a comprehensive water resources policy. Subsequently, number of donor agencies including the Asian Development Bank played a key role in investing to establish a comprehensive policy. Despite over a decade of investments and efforts, these initiatives were never implemented largely due to poor understanding of the country context with its multiparty system of government, strong cultural values, vocal civil society and a politicized media willing to exploit controversies.
The Comprehensive Water Resources Management Project (1992) which assessed the institutional capacity of WRM recommended a single overarching policy, law and an apex body to manage water resources. In the years to follow these efforts were supported by donor agencies, culminating in the Water Resources Management project (2001), which attempted capacity development of the new institutional arrangement for Comprehensive Water Resources Management (CWRM). Although the guiding principles of CWRM was institutionalizing Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) through an overarching policy, the new policy attempted to introduce several unfamiliar approaches like, entitlements ( ownership rights) to water, transferability and water pricing. Following controversial land reforms and cases of water privatization elsewhere in the world, these measures were strongly opposed by civil society as commodification of water. Institutional arrangement proposed under the new policy also caused controversy and confusion among traditional institutions. Besides, the policy was used as a political tool both by politicians and media. Further, the policy development process was always piecemeal subject to political interruptions. Finally, the process was never underpinned by strong stakeholder consultation or effective communication to solicit support. In the face of mounting difficulties and lack of political commitment, policy development process effectively collapsed with the withdrawal of financial support for CWRM in 2006.
こういう正直な記述が出来るのがインド系なのかなーと思う。IWRMの問題点から出発して初めて成功という事実が評価できるのではないだろうか。良識ある発想という姿勢がほしいよな。CWRMがなぜ突然消えて、IWRMがプロモートされたのか？
2009年1月26日月曜日
７４：マスコミにおけるIWRM（ガーナ）
ガーナホームページより。それにしてもアフリカの取り上げ記事が多いことか。climate changeという不確実性にどう具体的に対応したらいいのだろうか？
GWP West Africa meets in Abidjan
NEW. Watch live television from Ghana plus the latest Ghanaian movies plus OBE TV.
Accra, Jan. 24, GNA- The regional branch of the Global Water Partnership (GWP) in West Africa is organizing its 3rd General Assembly from 27 to 28 January in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.
A statement issued in Accra on Saturday said the meeting will a have a high level panel to discuss the session on strategies of adaptation to climate change through Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Under the theme: "IWRM in West Africa, strategies of adaptation in a context of proven climate change", the event would also mark the ten years anniversary of GWP action in West Africa.
The statement said the Chair and the five deputy-chairs of the African Ministerial Council on Water (AMCOW), the Chair of GWP, Chairs of the five GWP regions in Africa and the Mediterranean in addition to the traditional regional partners would attend the meeting. The meeting would encourage close collaboration and cooperation between GWP and AMCOW, as well as their regional representations in Africa, in order to improve the concretization of the political will around water and climate change issues in and around the continent. "The Abidjan meeting will be an opportunity to bring to an operational level the GWP/AMCOW MOU for its effective implementation in 2009 and generalize the cooperation between their regional representations to the five regions of the African continent", the statement said.
The statement also said the GWP West Africa would also, prior to the meeting hold a workshop on fundraising for Country Water Partnerships (CWP) with the financial support of ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States)
IGWP/WA has since October 2007, started implementing the Programme for the Improvement of Water Governance in West Africa (PIWAG). This programme three-year programme is financially supported by the European Union and GWPO.
Source:
GNA
GWP West Africa meets in Abidjan
NEW. Watch live television from Ghana plus the latest Ghanaian movies plus OBE TV.
Accra, Jan. 24, GNA- The regional branch of the Global Water Partnership (GWP) in West Africa is organizing its 3rd General Assembly from 27 to 28 January in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.
A statement issued in Accra on Saturday said the meeting will a have a high level panel to discuss the session on strategies of adaptation to climate change through Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Under the theme: "IWRM in West Africa, strategies of adaptation in a context of proven climate change", the event would also mark the ten years anniversary of GWP action in West Africa.
The statement said the Chair and the five deputy-chairs of the African Ministerial Council on Water (AMCOW), the Chair of GWP, Chairs of the five GWP regions in Africa and the Mediterranean in addition to the traditional regional partners would attend the meeting. The meeting would encourage close collaboration and cooperation between GWP and AMCOW, as well as their regional representations in Africa, in order to improve the concretization of the political will around water and climate change issues in and around the continent. "The Abidjan meeting will be an opportunity to bring to an operational level the GWP/AMCOW MOU for its effective implementation in 2009 and generalize the cooperation between their regional representations to the five regions of the African continent", the statement said.
The statement also said the GWP West Africa would also, prior to the meeting hold a workshop on fundraising for Country Water Partnerships (CWP) with the financial support of ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States)
IGWP/WA has since October 2007, started implementing the Programme for the Improvement of Water Governance in West Africa (PIWAG). This programme three-year programme is financially supported by the European Union and GWPO.
Source:
GNA
2009年1月25日日曜日
７３：IWRM実践の障害（複雑性、コスト、リスク）
理論と実践の問題はIWRMだけではないのは当然である。水政策に限らず政策論の実践というテーマは普遍である。水政策も政策一般のひとつであると捉えればその実践が如何に難しいのは自明である。comprehensive water governanceと言ったら玉虫色であろうか。
さて、今回でIWRM実践の障害についてのジェフレイ教授らの研究は最後である。
Complexity, cost, and risk barrier
IWRM takes into account relationships and dynamic interactions between human and natural systems, land and water systems, and key stakeholder agencies and groups. This interconnectedness on different scales and levels makes it very complex to translate the IWRM concept into practice. Management problems end up with ambiguous boundaries and complex links with other problems; goals, alternatives, and consequences that are not well defined or understood; pervasive uncertainty that may not be quantifiable; and iterative management that involves conflict and negotiation
among multiple stakeholders with divergent interests and values.
How are the lessons of complexity science to be communicated to stakeholders, and how do we formulate convincing arguments about the roles of uncertainty, suboptimality, and diversity. What kinds of financial, administrative, and social relationships best support IWRM approach.
我々が水戦略のaction planを作成する場合は、
戦略計画の目標、計画案に対する工程、予算、管轄（国家、地域、ローカルレベルでの連携実施体制など）を決めないと成り立たない。カザフスタンの国家IWRM計画も絵に描いた餅というイメージを感じるのは、実施に対するこれらの具体的な内容が曖昧なのである。
さて、今回でIWRM実践の障害についてのジェフレイ教授らの研究は最後である。
Complexity, cost, and risk barrier
IWRM takes into account relationships and dynamic interactions between human and natural systems, land and water systems, and key stakeholder agencies and groups. This interconnectedness on different scales and levels makes it very complex to translate the IWRM concept into practice. Management problems end up with ambiguous boundaries and complex links with other problems; goals, alternatives, and consequences that are not well defined or understood; pervasive uncertainty that may not be quantifiable; and iterative management that involves conflict and negotiation
among multiple stakeholders with divergent interests and values.
How are the lessons of complexity science to be communicated to stakeholders, and how do we formulate convincing arguments about the roles of uncertainty, suboptimality, and diversity. What kinds of financial, administrative, and social relationships best support IWRM approach.
我々が水戦略のaction planを作成する場合は、
戦略計画の目標、計画案に対する工程、予算、管轄（国家、地域、ローカルレベルでの連携実施体制など）を決めないと成り立たない。カザフスタンの国家IWRM計画も絵に描いた餅というイメージを感じるのは、実施に対するこれらの具体的な内容が曖昧なのである。
2009年1月24日土曜日
７２：IWRM実践の障害（定義の曖昧さ）
６６．からの続きである。今回はIWRMの定義の曖昧さという障害。
Barrier: Ambiguity of definition
The most used definition of IWRM by the GWP gives very limited practical guidance to present and future water management practices. Besides the GWP definition, there are several other definitions that all differ from each other in one or more facets or dimensions. Ambiguity of definition further compounds difficulties in demonstrating
success.
Research agenda:
What exactly is IWRM? The literature contains incomplete, ambiguous, and sometimes even contradictory definitions, partly because of the thrust for genericity behind the approach. Is such diversity of understanding a strength, a weakness, or a necessity given the wide range of social, economic, and environmental contexts that IWRM is supposed to benefit?
未だ謎は解けずといったところか。もうそろそろすっきりしたいところである。
Barrier: Ambiguity of definition
The most used definition of IWRM by the GWP gives very limited practical guidance to present and future water management practices. Besides the GWP definition, there are several other definitions that all differ from each other in one or more facets or dimensions. Ambiguity of definition further compounds difficulties in demonstrating
success.
Research agenda:
What exactly is IWRM? The literature contains incomplete, ambiguous, and sometimes even contradictory definitions, partly because of the thrust for genericity behind the approach. Is such diversity of understanding a strength, a weakness, or a necessity given the wide range of social, economic, and environmental contexts that IWRM is supposed to benefit?
未だ謎は解けずといったところか。もうそろそろすっきりしたいところである。
７１：IWRM新書のご案内
尊敬する水専門家の一人であるハーバード大学教授のピーター・ロジャーズ教授(GWP顧問）も参加している新書をご紹介しよう。まだ発売はされておらず、WWF5開催前の今年２月に発売される。予約もできるそうだ。EarthSCANから購入できる。下記参考のこと。
Integrated Water Resources Management in Practice Better Water Management for Development by Roberto Lenton and Mike Muller
Better water management will be crucial if we are to meet many of the key challenges of this century - feeding the world's growing population and reducing poverty, meeting water and sanitation needs, protecting vital ecosystems, all while adapting to climate change. The approach known as Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is widely recognized as the best way forward, but is poorly understood, even within the water sector. Since a core IWRM principle is that good water management must involve the water users, the understanding and involvement of other sectors is critical for success. There is thus an urgent need for practical guidance, for both water and development professionals, based on real world examples, rather than theoretical constructs. That is what this book provides.
Using case studies, the book illustrates how better water management, guided by the IWRM approach, has helped to meet a wide range of sustainable development goals. It does this by considering practical examples, looking at how IWRM has contributed, at different scales, from very local, village level experiences to reforms at national level and beyond to cases involving trans-boundary river basins.
Using these on-the-ground experiences, from both developed and developing countries in five continents, the book provides candid and practical lessons for policy makers, donors, and water and development practitioners worldwide looking at how IWRM principles were applied, what worked, and, equally important, what didn't work, and why.
Published with the Global Water Partnership
About the author(s)
Roberto Lenton is Chair of the Technical Committee of the Global Water Partnership. He is former Director of the Sustainable Energy and Environment Division of the UNDP in New York and Director General of the International Water Management Institute, Sri Lanka. Mike Muller was Director General of South Africa's Department of Water Affairs and Forestry and is currently visiting professor at the University of the Witwatersrand's Graduate School of Public and Development Management.
Chapter contributors include a number of other practitioners, such as Humberto Peña who led Chile's sector reforms and Akissa Bahri, currently director of IWMI in Africa, as well as experts from NGOs or with professional and academic backgrounds, including Peter Rogers from Harvard University and Judith Rees of the London School of Economics.
Contents
Introduction
Part I: Local Level
A Watershed in Watershed Management: The Sukhomajri Experience
A Tale of Two Cities: Meeting Urban Water Demands Through Sustainable Groundwater Management
Wetlands in Crisis: Improving Bangladesh's Wetland Ecosystems and Livelihoods of the Poor who Depend on them
Should Salmon Roam Free? Dam Removal on the Lower Snake River
Better Rural Livelihoods through Improved Irrigation Management: Office du Niger (Mali)
From Water to Wine: Maximizing the Productivity of Water Use in Agriculture while Ensuring Sustainability
Part II: Basin Level
Turning Water Stress into Water Management Success: Experiences in the Lerma-Chapala River Basin
Turning Conflict into Opportunities: The Case of Lake Biwa, Japan
Taming the Yangtze River by Enforcing Infrastructure Development under IWRM
Part III: National Level
Taking it One Step at a Time: Chile's Sequential, Adaptive Approach to Achieving the Three E's
Attempting to Do It All: How a new South Africa has Harnessed Water to Address its Development Challenges
Part IV: Transnational Level
Transboundary Cooperation in Action for Integrated Water Resources Management and Development in the Lower Mekong Basin
Conclusions: Lessons Learned and Final Reflections
Index
Other Editions ISBN Price
Hardback 9781844076499 £95.00
Peter Rogersがサイエンスに発表した論文「Facing the freshwater crisis」には一切IWRMという表現はなかった。意識して使わないんだろう。IWRMのプロモーターとは一線を引いているようだ。
Integrated Water Resources Management in Practice Better Water Management for Development by Roberto Lenton and Mike Muller
Better water management will be crucial if we are to meet many of the key challenges of this century - feeding the world's growing population and reducing poverty, meeting water and sanitation needs, protecting vital ecosystems, all while adapting to climate change. The approach known as Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is widely recognized as the best way forward, but is poorly understood, even within the water sector. Since a core IWRM principle is that good water management must involve the water users, the understanding and involvement of other sectors is critical for success. There is thus an urgent need for practical guidance, for both water and development professionals, based on real world examples, rather than theoretical constructs. That is what this book provides.
Using case studies, the book illustrates how better water management, guided by the IWRM approach, has helped to meet a wide range of sustainable development goals. It does this by considering practical examples, looking at how IWRM has contributed, at different scales, from very local, village level experiences to reforms at national level and beyond to cases involving trans-boundary river basins.
Using these on-the-ground experiences, from both developed and developing countries in five continents, the book provides candid and practical lessons for policy makers, donors, and water and development practitioners worldwide looking at how IWRM principles were applied, what worked, and, equally important, what didn't work, and why.
Published with the Global Water Partnership
About the author(s)
Roberto Lenton is Chair of the Technical Committee of the Global Water Partnership. He is former Director of the Sustainable Energy and Environment Division of the UNDP in New York and Director General of the International Water Management Institute, Sri Lanka. Mike Muller was Director General of South Africa's Department of Water Affairs and Forestry and is currently visiting professor at the University of the Witwatersrand's Graduate School of Public and Development Management.
Chapter contributors include a number of other practitioners, such as Humberto Peña who led Chile's sector reforms and Akissa Bahri, currently director of IWMI in Africa, as well as experts from NGOs or with professional and academic backgrounds, including Peter Rogers from Harvard University and Judith Rees of the London School of Economics.
Contents
Introduction
Part I: Local Level
A Watershed in Watershed Management: The Sukhomajri Experience
A Tale of Two Cities: Meeting Urban Water Demands Through Sustainable Groundwater Management
Wetlands in Crisis: Improving Bangladesh's Wetland Ecosystems and Livelihoods of the Poor who Depend on them
Should Salmon Roam Free? Dam Removal on the Lower Snake River
Better Rural Livelihoods through Improved Irrigation Management: Office du Niger (Mali)
From Water to Wine: Maximizing the Productivity of Water Use in Agriculture while Ensuring Sustainability
Part II: Basin Level
Turning Water Stress into Water Management Success: Experiences in the Lerma-Chapala River Basin
Turning Conflict into Opportunities: The Case of Lake Biwa, Japan
Taming the Yangtze River by Enforcing Infrastructure Development under IWRM
Part III: National Level
Taking it One Step at a Time: Chile's Sequential, Adaptive Approach to Achieving the Three E's
Attempting to Do It All: How a new South Africa has Harnessed Water to Address its Development Challenges
Part IV: Transnational Level
Transboundary Cooperation in Action for Integrated Water Resources Management and Development in the Lower Mekong Basin
Conclusions: Lessons Learned and Final Reflections
Index
Other Editions ISBN Price
Hardback 9781844076499 £95.00
Peter Rogersがサイエンスに発表した論文「Facing the freshwater crisis」には一切IWRMという表現はなかった。意識して使わないんだろう。IWRMのプロモーターとは一線を引いているようだ。
７０：CWRMはどこにいったのか？（その１）
ある国際援助機関が０５年に作成した水資源に関わる資料によれば、９９年にGlobal Water PartnershipのFramework for Action（FFA)でCWRMとIWRMの違いを次のように説明しているという。別のネット情報ではこのFFAは００年の第２回WWFで発表されたとある。
Both IWRM and CWRM are defined as taking administrative and interdisciplinary approaches to integrate functional, hydrological and ecological aspects of water resources management in adefined geological area. They can take a number of forms, including: (i) integrated planning and management of water supply and wastewater treatment; (ii) integrated management of groundwater use and surface water use; and (iii) establishing a framework for cooperation and collaboration among different stakeholders to provide solutions to water shortages or sanitation problems in a
particular area. What distinguishes IWRM from CWRM is the existence of a fully coordinated approach to water issues and of an established implementation framework for less duplication and better coordination among different government agencies.World Water Vision defines IWRM as: Philosophy that holds that water must be viewed from a holistic perspective, both in its natural state and in balancing competing demands on it – agricultural, industrial, domestic, and environmental.
Management of water resources and services needs to reflect the interaction between these different demands, and so must be coordinated within and across sectors. If the many cross-cutting requirements are met, and if there can be horizontal and vertical integration within the management framework for water resources and services, a more equitable, efficient, and sustainable regime will emerge.
水資源管理を今までの総合的なアプローチからさらに統合的な枠組みにしようという提案である。
Comprehensive Water Resources Management (CWRM)からIntegrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)への移行について論じられた論文はあまり見かけなかったので当時の事情を知るうえで参考になった。しかし、９９年のGWPのFramework for Action自体が中々検索できない。GWPのネットライブラリーでは００年の年次報告書とWWF2の最終FFAしか見ることが出来ない。WWF2では既にIWRMしかなくCWRMという概念は一切取り上げられていない。CWRMからIWRMという議論自体が「消滅」している。
CWRMについてはスリランカの事例で生き残っていた。これについては次号移行で。
Both IWRM and CWRM are defined as taking administrative and interdisciplinary approaches to integrate functional, hydrological and ecological aspects of water resources management in adefined geological area. They can take a number of forms, including: (i) integrated planning and management of water supply and wastewater treatment; (ii) integrated management of groundwater use and surface water use; and (iii) establishing a framework for cooperation and collaboration among different stakeholders to provide solutions to water shortages or sanitation problems in a
particular area. What distinguishes IWRM from CWRM is the existence of a fully coordinated approach to water issues and of an established implementation framework for less duplication and better coordination among different government agencies.World Water Vision defines IWRM as: Philosophy that holds that water must be viewed from a holistic perspective, both in its natural state and in balancing competing demands on it – agricultural, industrial, domestic, and environmental.
Management of water resources and services needs to reflect the interaction between these different demands, and so must be coordinated within and across sectors. If the many cross-cutting requirements are met, and if there can be horizontal and vertical integration within the management framework for water resources and services, a more equitable, efficient, and sustainable regime will emerge.
水資源管理を今までの総合的なアプローチからさらに統合的な枠組みにしようという提案である。
Comprehensive Water Resources Management (CWRM)からIntegrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)への移行について論じられた論文はあまり見かけなかったので当時の事情を知るうえで参考になった。しかし、９９年のGWPのFramework for Action自体が中々検索できない。GWPのネットライブラリーでは００年の年次報告書とWWF2の最終FFAしか見ることが出来ない。WWF2では既にIWRMしかなくCWRMという概念は一切取り上げられていない。CWRMからIWRMという議論自体が「消滅」している。
CWRMについてはスリランカの事例で生き残っていた。これについては次号移行で。
2009年1月22日木曜日
６９：マスコミにおけるIWRM（ガーナ）
またまたアフリカでのIWRM関連記事である。ガーナより。
New policy for Ghana’s river basins
Last Updated: Thursday, 22 January 2009, 6:23 GMT
The Water Resources Commission (WRC) on Wednesday said it had formulated a draft buffer zone policy document which sought to outline a national vision on buffer zones as part of managing Ghana’s river basins in an integrated manner.
This is in accordance with the Commission’s Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approach to managing water resources, and a bid to harmonize traditional and existing public institutional standards on buffer zones in Ghana.
A statement signed by Ms. Adwoa Munkua Dako, Public Relations Officer of the WRC, said the policy would ensure that all designated riparian buffer zones along rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs or other surface water bodies were adequately vegetated and sustainably managed.
The statement said the policy had become necessary because even though the vegetation extending along the landscapes of water bodies in Ghana provided a wide range of socio-economic and biophysical functions, human activities had degraded the vegetative cover at headwaters and along the banks of many river systems and other surface water bodies.
It said poor and unconstrained practices such as uncontrolled logging and mining, human settlement, urbanization, livestock rearing and poor agricultural practices were jeopardizing the physical quality of the environment, the hydrological and ecological support systems and the livelihood of local inhabitants around these water bodies.
The statement also said the major objective of the policy was to promote an efficient and sustainable use of buffer zones resources to address food security and income generation for local communities and private IWRM and development to ensure the sustainability of water resources in both quantity and quality.
解説は省略。
Source: GNA
New policy for Ghana’s river basins
Last Updated: Thursday, 22 January 2009, 6:23 GMT
The Water Resources Commission (WRC) on Wednesday said it had formulated a draft buffer zone policy document which sought to outline a national vision on buffer zones as part of managing Ghana’s river basins in an integrated manner.
This is in accordance with the Commission’s Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approach to managing water resources, and a bid to harmonize traditional and existing public institutional standards on buffer zones in Ghana.
A statement signed by Ms. Adwoa Munkua Dako, Public Relations Officer of the WRC, said the policy would ensure that all designated riparian buffer zones along rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs or other surface water bodies were adequately vegetated and sustainably managed.
The statement said the policy had become necessary because even though the vegetation extending along the landscapes of water bodies in Ghana provided a wide range of socio-economic and biophysical functions, human activities had degraded the vegetative cover at headwaters and along the banks of many river systems and other surface water bodies.
It said poor and unconstrained practices such as uncontrolled logging and mining, human settlement, urbanization, livestock rearing and poor agricultural practices were jeopardizing the physical quality of the environment, the hydrological and ecological support systems and the livelihood of local inhabitants around these water bodies.
The statement also said the major objective of the policy was to promote an efficient and sustainable use of buffer zones resources to address food security and income generation for local communities and private IWRM and development to ensure the sustainability of water resources in both quantity and quality.
解説は省略。
Source: GNA
2009年1月21日水曜日
６８：オバマ新大統領の就任演説
My fellow citizens:
I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.
Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.
So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans.
That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.
These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.
Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many.
They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America - they will be met. On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.
On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.
We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.
In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted - for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things - some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.
For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.
For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.
For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn. Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.
This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions - that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.
For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act - not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise health care's quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do.
Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions - who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short. For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage.
What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them - that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works - whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account - to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day - because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.
Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control - and that a nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous. The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our Gross Domestic Product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart - not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good.
As for our common defense, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals. Our Founding Fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expedience's sake. And so to all other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman, and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and that we are ready to lead once more.
Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use; our security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint.
We are the keepers of this legacy. Guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort - even greater cooperation and understanding between nations. We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan. With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet. We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you.
For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus - and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace.
To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect.
To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their society's ills on the West - know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history; but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.
To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders; nor can we consume the world's resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it.
As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains. They have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages.
We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service; a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves. And yet, at this moment - a moment that will define a generation - it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.
For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours. It is the firefighter's courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent's willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate.
Our challenges may be new. The instruments with which we meet them may be new. But those values upon which our success depends - hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism - these things are old. These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history. What is demanded then is a return to these truths. What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility - a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation, and the world, duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task.
This is the price and the promise of citizenship.
This is the source of our confidence - the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny.
This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed - why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath.
So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled. In the year of America's birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people:
"Let it be told to the future world...that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive...that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it]."
America. In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our children's children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God's grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations.
小学校１年生だったか、CBSニュースでケネディー大統領の就任演説を聞いたのを覚えている。それほどの感激はないが、オバマ大統領の演説は中々のものだ。いいライターがいるのだろうが、原稿を見ないでの演説は流石だ。
一方、IWRMを実施支援するお役目を引き受けるコンサルタントもいよいよスピーチに拘り、心に響く英語力の獲得が必要だ。しかし、これも２０代前半までに基礎力をつけないと間に合わない。
オランダの水と衛生に関わる研究センターであるIRCも「オバマ大統領が開発途上国の貧困軽減における水に重要性を強調した」と２１日報じている。
I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.
Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.
So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans.
That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.
These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.
Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many.
They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America - they will be met. On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.
On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.
We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.
In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted - for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things - some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.
For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.
For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.
For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn. Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.
This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions - that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.
For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act - not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise health care's quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do.
Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions - who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short. For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage.
What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them - that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works - whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account - to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day - because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.
Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control - and that a nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous. The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our Gross Domestic Product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart - not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good.
As for our common defense, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals. Our Founding Fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expedience's sake. And so to all other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman, and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and that we are ready to lead once more.
Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use; our security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint.
We are the keepers of this legacy. Guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort - even greater cooperation and understanding between nations. We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan. With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet. We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you.
For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus - and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace.
To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect.
To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their society's ills on the West - know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history; but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.
To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders; nor can we consume the world's resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it.
As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains. They have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages.
We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service; a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves. And yet, at this moment - a moment that will define a generation - it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.
For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours. It is the firefighter's courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent's willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate.
Our challenges may be new. The instruments with which we meet them may be new. But those values upon which our success depends - hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism - these things are old. These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history. What is demanded then is a return to these truths. What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility - a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation, and the world, duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task.
This is the price and the promise of citizenship.
This is the source of our confidence - the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny.
This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed - why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath.
So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled. In the year of America's birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people:
"Let it be told to the future world...that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive...that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it]."
America. In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our children's children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God's grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations.
小学校１年生だったか、CBSニュースでケネディー大統領の就任演説を聞いたのを覚えている。それほどの感激はないが、オバマ大統領の演説は中々のものだ。いいライターがいるのだろうが、原稿を見ないでの演説は流石だ。
一方、IWRMを実施支援するお役目を引き受けるコンサルタントもいよいよスピーチに拘り、心に響く英語力の獲得が必要だ。しかし、これも２０代前半までに基礎力をつけないと間に合わない。
オランダの水と衛生に関わる研究センターであるIRCも「オバマ大統領が開発途上国の貧困軽減における水に重要性を強調した」と２１日報じている。
６７：マスコミに登場のIWRM（カメルーン）
アフリカでIWRMに関わる記事が多いのはどうしてだろうか？しかしまだ略語だけではないところがちょっと寂しい。確かアジアでの記事はまだインドだけだったか。
IWRM実践の障害はあんまり縁起が良くないのでマスコミニュースを取り上げた。今回はカメルーンラジオテレビから。
West and Central African Experts identify avenues for corporation in the water sector
20/01/2009: A two day meeting to draw up a programme for the co-financing of water and sanitation projects in West and Central Africa has been organised in Yaounde.
The meeting took place at the Cameroon Programme office of International Union for the Conservation of Nature, IUCN.
The Sixteen experts who brain stormed for two days were drawn from the African Water Facility, AfWF, the African Development Bank, ADB, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Global Water Partnership West and Central African Regions (GWP-WA/CAF) and the United Nations Economic Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO).
These organisations, assisted by the Technical Committee of the African Ministers Council on Water, sought ways of strengthening collaboration.
On the agenda were discussions on potential areas of collaboration; the procedures of preparing and implementing projects; the development and co-financing mechanisms and the identification of future activities.
The opening ceremony was presided over by Mr. Fritz Gerald NASSAKO, Secretary General in Cameroon’s Ministry of Energy and Water in his capacity as AMCOW-TAC representative.
The first of the five speeches was delivered by Mr. Joseph BAKAKOULA, representing the Director of IUCN Cameroon Programme. He emphasised that the sustainable use of water resources is important to our planet in general and to Africa in particular.
He said the partnership about to be created, is timely as it shall check current trends in the degradation of water resources.
Referring to this partnership, Mr. Jean Michel OSSETE, representing AfWF said this partnership is mainly «to improve upon the welfare of populations and contribute in socio-economic development and poverty reduction. »
He expressed the wish that the meeting results to concrete resolutions in the management of water resources and the attainment of Millennium Development Goals.
The third opening remark came from Mr. Albert MENDY of UNESCO, who assured participants of his organisation’s commitment to uphold principles based on the sustainable water resources management.
He expressed the wish that the working session creates synergies necessary for partners to effectively attain goals.
Mr. Jean Pierre BIDJOCKA, Chair of GWP-CAf, who chaired the proceedings, described the meeting as an ideal opportunity for concerted action.
He exhorted participants to implement the Integrated Water Resources Management IWRM approach which underscores the importance of water in all socio-economic development endeavours.
Mr. Fritz Gerald NASSAKO, speaking last, challenged participants to come up with useful conclusions and firm recommendations for well formulated projects. He finally declared open the meeting.
The two day meeting ended with conclusions that identified and defined potential areas of collaboration and co-funding.
At the end of deliberations, a road map defining next steps in the development of a joint funding programme was drawn and adopted.
日本ではいよいよ海外水ビジネス参入への勢いが出てきた。海水淡水化の調査をまたやりたいところである。どこからかお誘いがあればいいが？！
IWRM実践の障害はあんまり縁起が良くないのでマスコミニュースを取り上げた。今回はカメルーンラジオテレビから。
West and Central African Experts identify avenues for corporation in the water sector
20/01/2009: A two day meeting to draw up a programme for the co-financing of water and sanitation projects in West and Central Africa has been organised in Yaounde.
The meeting took place at the Cameroon Programme office of International Union for the Conservation of Nature, IUCN.
The Sixteen experts who brain stormed for two days were drawn from the African Water Facility, AfWF, the African Development Bank, ADB, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Global Water Partnership West and Central African Regions (GWP-WA/CAF) and the United Nations Economic Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO).
These organisations, assisted by the Technical Committee of the African Ministers Council on Water, sought ways of strengthening collaboration.
On the agenda were discussions on potential areas of collaboration; the procedures of preparing and implementing projects; the development and co-financing mechanisms and the identification of future activities.
The opening ceremony was presided over by Mr. Fritz Gerald NASSAKO, Secretary General in Cameroon’s Ministry of Energy and Water in his capacity as AMCOW-TAC representative.
The first of the five speeches was delivered by Mr. Joseph BAKAKOULA, representing the Director of IUCN Cameroon Programme. He emphasised that the sustainable use of water resources is important to our planet in general and to Africa in particular.
He said the partnership about to be created, is timely as it shall check current trends in the degradation of water resources.
Referring to this partnership, Mr. Jean Michel OSSETE, representing AfWF said this partnership is mainly «to improve upon the welfare of populations and contribute in socio-economic development and poverty reduction. »
He expressed the wish that the meeting results to concrete resolutions in the management of water resources and the attainment of Millennium Development Goals.
The third opening remark came from Mr. Albert MENDY of UNESCO, who assured participants of his organisation’s commitment to uphold principles based on the sustainable water resources management.
He expressed the wish that the working session creates synergies necessary for partners to effectively attain goals.
Mr. Jean Pierre BIDJOCKA, Chair of GWP-CAf, who chaired the proceedings, described the meeting as an ideal opportunity for concerted action.
He exhorted participants to implement the Integrated Water Resources Management IWRM approach which underscores the importance of water in all socio-economic development endeavours.
Mr. Fritz Gerald NASSAKO, speaking last, challenged participants to come up with useful conclusions and firm recommendations for well formulated projects. He finally declared open the meeting.
The two day meeting ended with conclusions that identified and defined potential areas of collaboration and co-funding.
At the end of deliberations, a road map defining next steps in the development of a joint funding programme was drawn and adopted.
日本ではいよいよ海外水ビジネス参入への勢いが出てきた。海水淡水化の調査をまたやりたいところである。どこからかお誘いがあればいいが？！
2009年1月20日火曜日
６６：IWRM実践の障害（成功の根拠）
前回に引き続きIWRM実践の障害の第２番目である。これまでgood practices事例の紹介は多いがなぜ成功したかの根拠が薄く乏しい。。この点に着目してIWRM実践の難しさをジェフレイ教授らは示している。
Evidence of success barrier
The necessity of adapting the IWRM concept to suit different local contexts does not allow for a generic, complete description of strategies and techniques. In practice, the IWRM concept has not structurally demonstrated its ability to increase the sustainability of water resources management. Empirical evidence is either missing or poorly reported. It will be important to identify the essential elements for IWRM, while avoiding rigid prescriptions and allowing for vast differences among countries.
Research agenda
How can evidence be gathered to show that management frameworks like IWRM are successful? Gathering evidence to show the value of implementing these approaches may be a necessary prerequisite to convincing political leaders to instigate institutional and governance reform. However, existing evidence is not gathered easily.
多くの事例を収集・分析し、IWRM実践の難しさを整理し・分類し、主要な構成要素を抽出し、その上でIWRM問題の解決手法を提示することが必要だ。総論から各論にアプローチする手法はどうも実践的ではなさそうである。
次回はIWRM定義のあいまいさという障害について。
Evidence of success barrier
The necessity of adapting the IWRM concept to suit different local contexts does not allow for a generic, complete description of strategies and techniques. In practice, the IWRM concept has not structurally demonstrated its ability to increase the sustainability of water resources management. Empirical evidence is either missing or poorly reported. It will be important to identify the essential elements for IWRM, while avoiding rigid prescriptions and allowing for vast differences among countries.
Research agenda
How can evidence be gathered to show that management frameworks like IWRM are successful? Gathering evidence to show the value of implementing these approaches may be a necessary prerequisite to convincing political leaders to instigate institutional and governance reform. However, existing evidence is not gathered easily.
多くの事例を収集・分析し、IWRM実践の難しさを整理し・分類し、主要な構成要素を抽出し、その上でIWRM問題の解決手法を提示することが必要だ。総論から各論にアプローチする手法はどうも実践的ではなさそうである。
次回はIWRM定義のあいまいさという障害について。
2009年1月19日月曜日
６５：IWRM実践の障害について（行政組織）
前々回で紹介したジェフレイ教授の論文によるIWRM実践に関わる障害について紹介したい。第１回目は行政組織的な障害について。
1. Institutional barrier
Effective water governance is crucial for the implementation of IWRM plans. Problems in management and governance go beyond mere technical challenges; in the case of IWRM, institutional reform is needed: correct policies, viable political institutions, workable financing arrangements, selfgoverning and self-supporting local systems, etc. Institutions are rooted in a centralized structure with fragmented subsectoral approaches to water management, and often local institutions lack the capacity. Awareness and priority of water issues at the political level is, in many cases, limited. Also information and data to support sound management of water are generally lacking.
Research agenda: What institutional and governance structures and processes are needed to successfully implement IWRM? Are they practically feasible? What would be required to change from existing structures and processes? And, importantly, why should political leaders embark upon a potentially radical overhaul of management practices?
これらの問いはトップダウンとボトムアップ両面で検討する必要があろう。次回はIWRM成功の根拠という障害。
1. Institutional barrier
Effective water governance is crucial for the implementation of IWRM plans. Problems in management and governance go beyond mere technical challenges; in the case of IWRM, institutional reform is needed: correct policies, viable political institutions, workable financing arrangements, selfgoverning and self-supporting local systems, etc. Institutions are rooted in a centralized structure with fragmented subsectoral approaches to water management, and often local institutions lack the capacity. Awareness and priority of water issues at the political level is, in many cases, limited. Also information and data to support sound management of water are generally lacking.
Research agenda: What institutional and governance structures and processes are needed to successfully implement IWRM? Are they practically feasible? What would be required to change from existing structures and processes? And, importantly, why should political leaders embark upon a potentially radical overhaul of management practices?
これらの問いはトップダウンとボトムアップ両面で検討する必要があろう。次回はIWRM成功の根拠という障害。
2009年1月18日日曜日
６４：オバマ次期アメリカ大統領の水政策とは
アメリカの大統領選挙は過ぎたのでちょっと時期外れだが、遅ればせながらこんな記事があったことを残しておこう。
Wet and Not So Wild: Obama and McCain's Water Resource Policy
How do the candidates' records stack up against their water use policy answers?
By Stuart Fox Posted 10.16.2008 at 4:59 pm
Question 10: Water Policy
Of all the answers to the Science Debate 2008 questions, Senators McCain and Obama’s answers to the water policy question were the shortest and least detailed. Similarly, their records on this issue are virtually nonexistent, much like every other Senator’s record on this issue.
It seems as though water policy brings politicians together more than any single issue. While Defense Department appropriation bills, education bills and energy bills usually garner one or two symbolic nays or non-votes, almost every water use bill receives unanimous support.
The bills range from the all encompassing, like HR 2419, the Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act of 2006, to the maddeningly specific, like S 1219, a bill for authorizing certain tribes in the State of Montana to enter into a lease or other temporary conveyance of water rights to meet the water needs of the Dry Prairie Rural Water Association, Inc, of 2006. Yes, that’s the actual name of the bill.
The amazing thing about these bills is that they always pass with unanimous consent. S 891—a bill to extend the water service contract for the Ainsworth Unit, Sandhills Division, Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program, Nebraska? Every Senator voted “Aye”. But why would McCain and Obama vote for bills that cost their tax payers money but do nothing to help their constituency? Maybe because then they can propose a bill like S 3501, the bill to amend the Shivwits Band of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah Water Rights Settlement Act to establish an acquisition fund for the water rights and habitat acquisition program, and be sure it was going to pass. Senator McCain proposed that bill on June 13, 2006, and that November the Senate passed the bill by unanimous consent.
Another reason for this unanimity is that the water bills have virtually no impact on actual water use policy. According to Joseph Dellapenna, Professor of Law at Villanova University who specializes in water use law, “Water allocation, who gets to use water for what purpose, is decided on the state level. I’m not aware that any candidate or any member of congress is pushing to federalize it.”
So does their voting record support their Science Debate answers? Yes for some parts of their answers, but more importantly, does it matter? This is an issue which even the President largely steers clear from. Even when one of the candidates becomes President, water resource policy will most likely not resemble their Science Debate answers, as this is not an issue dealt with on a Federal level. Tomorrow, the candidates spend some time talking about the final frontier. Be prepared, because in politics, no one can here you scream.
After a year of winnowing down questions from 38,000 scientists and citizens, Science Debate 2008 sent 14 covering health, research, the environment and science to the presidential candidates. Both Senator McCain and Senator Obama answered the questions, and their answers can be read here. However, it’s easy for a politician to make promises, so PopSci investigated both senator’s voting records to see if their history matched up with their promises for the future. Each day for the next two weeks we'll present an analysis of the candidate’s voting records as compared with their answers to the ScienceDebate2008 questions. You can follow the entire series at popsci.com/election, where you can also sign up for an RSS feed.
記事のみ掲載。２０日はいよいよ大統領就任演説である。
Wet and Not So Wild: Obama and McCain's Water Resource Policy
How do the candidates' records stack up against their water use policy answers?
By Stuart Fox Posted 10.16.2008 at 4:59 pm
Question 10: Water Policy
Of all the answers to the Science Debate 2008 questions, Senators McCain and Obama’s answers to the water policy question were the shortest and least detailed. Similarly, their records on this issue are virtually nonexistent, much like every other Senator’s record on this issue.
It seems as though water policy brings politicians together more than any single issue. While Defense Department appropriation bills, education bills and energy bills usually garner one or two symbolic nays or non-votes, almost every water use bill receives unanimous support.
The bills range from the all encompassing, like HR 2419, the Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act of 2006, to the maddeningly specific, like S 1219, a bill for authorizing certain tribes in the State of Montana to enter into a lease or other temporary conveyance of water rights to meet the water needs of the Dry Prairie Rural Water Association, Inc, of 2006. Yes, that’s the actual name of the bill.
The amazing thing about these bills is that they always pass with unanimous consent. S 891—a bill to extend the water service contract for the Ainsworth Unit, Sandhills Division, Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program, Nebraska? Every Senator voted “Aye”. But why would McCain and Obama vote for bills that cost their tax payers money but do nothing to help their constituency? Maybe because then they can propose a bill like S 3501, the bill to amend the Shivwits Band of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah Water Rights Settlement Act to establish an acquisition fund for the water rights and habitat acquisition program, and be sure it was going to pass. Senator McCain proposed that bill on June 13, 2006, and that November the Senate passed the bill by unanimous consent.
Another reason for this unanimity is that the water bills have virtually no impact on actual water use policy. According to Joseph Dellapenna, Professor of Law at Villanova University who specializes in water use law, “Water allocation, who gets to use water for what purpose, is decided on the state level. I’m not aware that any candidate or any member of congress is pushing to federalize it.”
So does their voting record support their Science Debate answers? Yes for some parts of their answers, but more importantly, does it matter? This is an issue which even the President largely steers clear from. Even when one of the candidates becomes President, water resource policy will most likely not resemble their Science Debate answers, as this is not an issue dealt with on a Federal level. Tomorrow, the candidates spend some time talking about the final frontier. Be prepared, because in politics, no one can here you scream.
After a year of winnowing down questions from 38,000 scientists and citizens, Science Debate 2008 sent 14 covering health, research, the environment and science to the presidential candidates. Both Senator McCain and Senator Obama answered the questions, and their answers can be read here. However, it’s easy for a politician to make promises, so PopSci investigated both senator’s voting records to see if their history matched up with their promises for the future. Each day for the next two weeks we'll present an analysis of the candidate’s voting records as compared with their answers to the ScienceDebate2008 questions. You can follow the entire series at popsci.com/election, where you can also sign up for an RSS feed.
記事のみ掲載。２０日はいよいよ大統領就任演説である。
６３：誰にでも分かるIWRMとその達成の障害
このブログのタイトルは「誰にでも分かるIWRM」としているが、意図するところは誰にでも分かるものであるべきだということである。現在のところIWRMの定義があいまいであるため、また理論と実践に大きな障害があり、どうすればIWRMの実践達成ができるのか、或いは出来たのかの評価が非常に難しい。IWRMの内容が広すぎて何でもありの状態でもある。
イギリス・クランフィールド大学のジェフレイ教授（既に紹介済み）が示すIWRMの定義と達成への障害は比較的実務者にとって分かりやすいのでここで（暫定的に）紹介することにする。
１．IWRMアプローチとは
IWRM:
1) addresses problems that are seen to be the fault of fractured planning and a lack of appreciation for the connectivity of processes,
2) is a call for joint governance,
3) involves multiple organizations and stakeholders operating across sectors and scales,
4) is achived by reform of the existing governance system (planning, management and communication processes),
5) generates coordinated and integrated sets of resource management plans and actions, and
6) good examples are characterized by strong political commitment to reform and to inter-organizational and cross-sectional management.
多くの場合、1)から6)に関係なく通常の水資源管理開発の課題と解決を取り上げるので、IWRMアプローチの特殊性が分かりにくい。
with or without IWRM processという視点から課題の解決と達成方法を検討するといいのではないか？
２．IWRM達成の障害
これについては長くなってしまったので次号以降にて。
イギリス・クランフィールド大学のジェフレイ教授（既に紹介済み）が示すIWRMの定義と達成への障害は比較的実務者にとって分かりやすいのでここで（暫定的に）紹介することにする。
１．IWRMアプローチとは
IWRM:
1) addresses problems that are seen to be the fault of fractured planning and a lack of appreciation for the connectivity of processes,
2) is a call for joint governance,
3) involves multiple organizations and stakeholders operating across sectors and scales,
4) is achived by reform of the existing governance system (planning, management and communication processes),
5) generates coordinated and integrated sets of resource management plans and actions, and
6) good examples are characterized by strong political commitment to reform and to inter-organizational and cross-sectional management.
多くの場合、1)から6)に関係なく通常の水資源管理開発の課題と解決を取り上げるので、IWRMアプローチの特殊性が分かりにくい。
with or without IWRM processという視点から課題の解決と達成方法を検討するといいのではないか？
２．IWRM達成の障害
これについては長くなってしまったので次号以降にて。
2009年1月17日土曜日
６２：持続的解決をテーマにするフォーラム
IWRMがSD即ちsustainable developmentの達成を目標とすることは理解されている。０２年のWSSDが示すとおりである。
では、そのSDを主題とするフォーラムはあるのだろうか？
アメリカの官民連携で、sustainabilityの科学、実践、政策をテーマにしたサイトがある。０５年から関連論文が発表されていてIWRMの実践についても多くの論文がある。アメリカが発信というのが面白い。
Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy is being published as part of an ambitious government/private industry partnership between the NBII (National Biological Information Infrastructure, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI)) and CSA, a privately-owned information company. The purpose of this association is to develop a Biocomplexity Collection that examines the countless interactions of all living entities, especially humans, with the Earth and its environment.
アクセス数の多いベスト５論文があるなどミハー的でもある。
Integrated water resources
management: evolution, prospects and
future challenges
Muhammad Mizanur Rahaman & Olli Varis
はこのサイトから得られたものだ。ヘルシンキ工科大学の研究者の論文だがIWRMの実践の難しさが示されている。前回紹介したE&Sもそうだが、こうした理論から実践への難易度に関わる論文がこのフォーラムには多い。比較的最近になって組織化されたためであろうか。ビスワス博士に対しても賛同的だ。
では、そのSDを主題とするフォーラムはあるのだろうか？
アメリカの官民連携で、sustainabilityの科学、実践、政策をテーマにしたサイトがある。０５年から関連論文が発表されていてIWRMの実践についても多くの論文がある。アメリカが発信というのが面白い。
Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy is being published as part of an ambitious government/private industry partnership between the NBII (National Biological Information Infrastructure, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI)) and CSA, a privately-owned information company. The purpose of this association is to develop a Biocomplexity Collection that examines the countless interactions of all living entities, especially humans, with the Earth and its environment.
アクセス数の多いベスト５論文があるなどミハー的でもある。
Integrated water resources
management: evolution, prospects and
future challenges
Muhammad Mizanur Rahaman & Olli Varis
はこのサイトから得られたものだ。ヘルシンキ工科大学の研究者の論文だがIWRMの実践の難しさが示されている。前回紹介したE&Sもそうだが、こうした理論から実践への難易度に関わる論文がこのフォーラムには多い。比較的最近になって組織化されたためであろうか。ビスワス博士に対しても賛同的だ。
６１：IWRMアプローチ提案の起源（？！）
IWRMとAMの比較研究で有名なジェフレイ教授によればIWRMアプローチ提案の起源は１９７７年の
United Nations Conference on Water (Mar del Plata 1977)
だそうだ。０８年の最新の彼の論文にある。この論文はE&Sの最新号だがIWRM研究と実践の問題点を分かりやすく説明している。
Preservation and enhancement of the human environment
が開催されている。UNEPサイトから宣言文を読んでみた。基本原則第１３項にintegratedの記述がある。コンセプトというより大原則である。全体的には、integrated natural resources managementに近い。以前紹介したINRMである。水資源を中心に置くよりも、生態系や社会的な観点から攻めていくとIWRMももっと深みがでてくるのだろうか。大きなテーマである。
United Nations Conference on Water (Mar del Plata 1977)
だそうだ。０８年の最新の彼の論文にある。この論文はE&Sの最新号だがIWRM研究と実践の問題点を分かりやすく説明している。
In 1977, the UN Conference on Water was held in Mar del Plata, Argentina. Its goals were to assess the status of water resources; to ensure that an adequate supply of quality water was available to meet the planet’s socio-economic needs; to increase water use efficiency; and to promote preparedness, nationally and internationally, so as to avoid a water crisis of global dimensions before the end of twentieth century.
The conference approved the Mar del Plata Action Plan, which was the first internationally coordinated approach to IWRM. The plan had two parts: a set of recommendations that covered all the essential components of water management, and twelve resolutions on a wide range of specific subject areas. It discussed assessment of water use and efficiency; natural hazards, environment, health and pollution control; policy, planning and management; public information, education, training and research; and regional and international cooperation (Biswas, 2004).
The Mar del Plata conference was a success, in part due to the active participation of the developing world and the discussions on various aspects of water management, specifically the country and region specific analyses. The conference considered water management on a holistic and comprehensive basis, an approach recognized as one of the key IWRM issues in the 1990s. To provide potable water and sanitation facilities to all, and to accelerate political will and investment in the water sector, the conference recommended the period 1980 to 1990 as the International Water Supply and Sanitation Decade.
The Mar del Plata conference was undoubtedly a major milestone in the history of water resources development for the 20 th century. Viewed from any direction, the conference has become an important yardstick in water resources management, particularly for IWRM. Regrettably, transboundary water resources management was not discussed comprehensively, and an implementation scheme for the Action Plan was not developed during the discussion (Biswas, 2004).
While the 1980s were key as far as implementing the Mar del Plata principles, gradually, water faded from international agendas, so much so that the Brundtland Commission Report (WCED, 1987), which laid the cornerstones to the concept of sustainable development in international policy, hardly addressed the issue of water.
これより５年前の７２年には、
Preservation and enhancement of the human environment
が開催されている。UNEPサイトから宣言文を読んでみた。基本原則第１３項にintegratedの記述がある。コンセプトというより大原則である。全体的には、integrated natural resources managementに近い。以前紹介したINRMである。水資源を中心に置くよりも、生態系や社会的な観点から攻めていくとIWRMももっと深みがでてくるのだろうか。大きなテーマである。
Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, having met at Stockholm from 5 to 16 June 1972,having considered the need for a common outlook and for common principles to inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment,
Proclaims that:
1. Man is both creature and moulder of his environment, which gives him physical sustenance and affords him the opportunity for intellectual, moral, social and spiritual growth. In the long and tortuous evolution of the human race on this planet a stage has been reached when, through the rapid acceleration of science and technology, man has acquired the power to transform his environment in countless ways and on an unprecedented scale. Both aspects of man's environment, the natural and the man-made, are essential to his well-being and to the enjoyment of basic human rights the right to life itself.
2. The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of peoples and economic development throughout the world; it is the urgent desire of the peoples of the whole world and the duty of all Governments.
3. Man has constantly to sum up experience and go on discovering, inventing, creating and advancing. In our time, man's capability to transform his surroundings, if used wisely, can bring to all peoples the benefits of development and the opportunity to enhance the quality of life. Wrongly or heedlessly applied, the same power can do incalculable harm to human beings and the human environment. We see around us growing evidence of man-made harm in many regions of the earth: dangerous levels of pollution in water, air, earth and living beings; major and undesirable disturbances to the ecological balance of the biosphere; destruction and depletion of irreplaceable resources; and gross deficiencies, harmful to the physical, mental and social health of man, in the man-made environment, particularly in the living and working environment.
4. In the developing countries most of the environmental problems are caused by under-development. Millions continue to live far below the minimum levels required for a decent human existence, deprived of adequate food and clothing, shelter and education, health and sanitation. Therefore, the developing countries must direct their efforts to development, bearing in mind their priorities and the need to safeguard and improve the environment. For the same purpose, the industrialized countries should make efforts to reduce the gap themselves and the developing countries. In the industrialized countries, environmental problems are generally related to industrialization and technological development.
5. The natural growth of population continuously presents problems for the preservation of the environment, and adequate policies and measures should be adopted, as appropriate, to face these problems. Of all things in the world, people are the most precious. It is the people that propel social progress, create social wealth, develop science and technology and, through their hard work, continuously transform the human environment. Along with social progress and the advance of production, science and technology, the capability of man to improve the environment increases with each passing day.
6. A point has been reached in history when we must shape our actions throughout the world with a more prudent care for their environmental consequences. Through ignorance or indifference we can do massive and irreversible harm to the earthly environment on which our life and well being depend. Conversely, through fuller knowledge and wiser action, we can achieve for ourselves and our posterity a better life in an environment more in keeping with human needs and hopes. There are broad vistas for the enhancement of environmental quality and the creation of a good life. What is needed is an enthusiastic but calm state of mind and intense but orderly work. For the purpose of attaining freedom in the world of nature, man must use knowledge to build, in collaboration with nature, a better environment. To defend and improve the human environment for present and future generations has become an imperative goal for mankind-a goal to be pursued together with, and in harmony with, the established and fundamental goals of peace and of worldwide economic and social development.
7. To achieve this environmental goal will demand the acceptance of responsibility by citizens and communities and by enterprises and institutions at every level, all sharing equitably in common efforts. Individuals in all walks of life as well as organizations in many fields, by their values and the sum of their actions, will shape the world environment of the future.
Local and national governments will bear the greatest burden for large-scale environmental policy and action within their jurisdictions. International cooperation is also needed in order to raise resources to support the developing countries in carrying out their responsibilities in this field. A growing class of environmental problems, because they are regional or global in extent or because they affect the common international realm, will require extensive cooperation among nations and action by international organizations in the common interest.
The Conference calls upon Governments and peoples to exert common efforts for the preservation and improvement of the human environment, for the benefit of all the people and for their posterity.
Principles
States the common conviction that:
Principle 1
Man has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being, and he bears a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations. In this respect, policies promoting or perpetuating apartheid, racial segregation, discrimination, colonial and other forms of oppression and foreign domination stand condemned and must be eliminated.
Principle 2
The natural resources of the earth, including the air, water, land, flora and fauna and especially representative samples of natural ecosystems, must be safeguarded for the benefit of present and future generations through careful planning or management, as appropriate.
Principle 3
The capacity of the earth to produce vital renewable resources must be maintained and, wherever practicable, restored or improved.
Principle 4
Man has a special responsibility to safeguard and wisely manage the heritage of wildlife and its habitat, which are now gravely imperilled by a combination of adverse factors. Nature conservation, including wildlife, must therefore receive importance in planning for economic development.
Principle 5
The non-renewable resources of the earth must be employed in such a way as to guard against the danger of their future exhaustion and to ensure that benefits from such employment are shared by all mankind.
Principle 6
The discharge of toxic substances or of other substances and the release of heat, in such quantities or concentrations as to exceed the capacity of the environment to render them harmless, must be halted in order to ensure that serious or irreversible damage is not inflicted upon ecosystems. The just struggle of the peoples of ill countries against pollution should be supported.
Principle 7
States shall take all possible steps to prevent pollution of the seas by substances that are liable to create hazards to human health, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage amenities or to interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea.
Principle 8
Economic and social development is essential for ensuring a favorable living and working environment for man and for creating conditions on earth that are necessary for the improvement of the quality of life.
Principle 9
Environmental deficiencies generated by the conditions of under-development and natural disasters pose grave problems and can best be remedied by accelerated development through the transfer of substantial quantities of financial and technological assistance as a supplement to the domestic effort of the developing countries and such timely assistance as may be required.
Principle 10
For the developing countries, stability of prices and adequate earnings for primary commodities and raw materials are essential to environmental management, since economic factors as well as ecological processes must be taken into account.
Principle 11
The environmental policies of all States should enhance and not adversely affect the present or future development potential of developing countries, nor should they hamper the attainment
of better living conditions for all, and appropriate steps should be taken by States and international organizations with a view to reaching agreement on meeting the possible national and international economic consequences resulting from the application of environmental measures.
Principle 12
Resources should be made available to preserve and improve the environment, taking into account the circumstances and particular requirements of developing countries and any costs which may emanate- from their incorporating environmental safeguards into their development planning and the need for making available to them, upon their request, additional international technical and financial assistance for this purpose.
Principle 13
In order to achieve a more rational management of resources and thus to improve the environment, States should adopt an and coordinated approach to their development planning so as to ensure that development is compatible with the need to protect and improve environment for the benefit of their population.
Principle 14
Rational planning constitutes an essential tool for reconciling any conflict between the needs of development and the need to protect and improve the environment.
Principle 15
Planning must be applied to human settlements and urbanization with a view to avoiding adverse effects on the environment and obtaining maximum social, economic and environmental benefits for all. In this respect projects which arc designed for colonialist and racist domination must be abandoned.
Principle 16
Demographic policies which are without prejudice to basic human rights and which are deemed appropriate by Governments concerned should be applied in those regions where the rate of population growth or excessive population concentrations are likely to have adverse effects on the environment of the human environment and impede development.
Principle 17
Appropriate national institutions must be entrusted with the task of planning, managing or controlling the 9 environmental resources of States with a view to enhancing environmental quality.
Principle 18
Science and technology, as part of their contribution to economic and social development, must be applied to the identification, avoidance and control of environmental risks and the solution of environmental problems and for the common good of mankind.
Principle 19
Education in environmental matters, for the younger generation as well as adults, giving due consideration to the underprivileged, is essential in order to broaden the basis for an enlightened opinion and responsible conduct by individuals, enterprises and communities in protecting and improving the environment in its full human dimension. It is also essential that mass media of communications avoid contributing to the deterioration of the environment, but, on the contrary, disseminates information of an educational nature on the need to project and improve the environment in order to enable mal to develop in every respect.
Principle 20
Scientific research and development in the context of environmental problems, both national and multinational, must be promoted in all countries, especially the developing countries. In this connection, the free flow of up-to-date scientific information and transfer of experience must be supported and assisted, to facilitate the solution of environmental problems; environmental technologies should be made available to developing countries on terms which would encourage their wide dissemination without constituting an economic burden on the developing countries.
Principle 21
States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
Principle 22
States shall cooperate to develop further the international law regarding liability and compensation for the victims of pollution and other environmental damage caused by activities within the jurisdiction or control of such States to areas beyond their jurisdiction.
Principle 23
Without prejudice to such criteria as may be agreed upon by the international community, or to standards which will have to be determined nationally, it will be essential in all cases to consider the systems of values prevailing in each country, and the extent of the applicability of standards which are valid for the most advanced countries but which may be inappropriate and of unwarranted social cost for the developing countries.
Principle 24
International matters concerning the protection and improvement of the environment should be handled in a cooperative spirit by all countries, big and small, on an equal footing.
Cooperation through multilateral or bilateral arrangements or other appropriate means is essential to effectively control, prevent, reduce and eliminate adverse environmental effects resulting from activities conducted in all spheres, in such a way that due account is taken of the sovereignty and interests of all States.
Principle 25
States shall ensure that international organizations play a coordinated, efficient and dynamic role for the protection and improvement of the environment.
Principle 26
Man and his environment must be spared the effects of nuclear weapons and all other means of mass destruction. States must strive to reach prompt agreement, in the relevant international organs, on the elimination and complete destruction of such weapons.
21st plenary meeting
16 June 1972
Chapter 11
2009年1月15日木曜日
６０：マスコミにおけるIWRM（第３弾）
今回は、アフリカのナイジェリアと南アのニュースから。
１．Daily Sun （ナイジェリア）
A new onslaught against corruption
Southern Africa: No takers for funds for water projects
By Moses Magadza
WINDHOEK — Nearly US$9 million of donor aid intended to support transboundary water management projects in southern Africa was diverted elsewhere after governments in the region failed to submit proposals for funding.
Experts in the water sector acknowledge that the Southern African Development Community (SADC) faces many challenges with regards to water. These include deteriorating quality and quantity of water and related problems of poor sanitation and access to safe drinking water and a lack of human and institutional capacity to manage water resources.
As it strives to implement an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) strategy, there is a wide consensus that the IWRM is the best way to spur development but the lack of clarity and a regionally acceptable blueprint on how the strategy can be implemented have hampered progress.
Zimbabwean scientist Dr Percy Chimwamurombe, who has worked on a number of environmental projects in southern Africa, says SADC governments need to strengthen their technical departments.
“SADC has a comprehensive regional development strategy. Member states must familiarise themselves with that strategy and figure out how they can come up with projects that would complement those development efforts,” he says.
Dr Chimwamurombe says SADC governments need to strengthen their technical departments. Indeed the failure of regional governments to apply for funds that could have strengthened these departments is puzzling.
“This was money available at very short notice and only available for a short period,” says Dr Horst Michael Vogel, programme coordinator with GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit), the German agency for sustainable development. “We were asked to identify projects for possible funding within about three months. The shocking thing for us is that (none of the SADC governments) had a project proposal, let alone a bankable one at the time.”
Vogel revealed that his organisation and other partners had conducted a survey among 15 international donors to determine which transboundary water projects they are supporting, for how long and at what cost.
He said the survey had revealed that donor support was still concentrated in major river basins like Zambezi, Orange, Limpopo and Kavango, while smaller basins get very little support. Dr Vogel said when the money was raised in late 2007 and calls were made for project proposals, there were promises but no action from the region's government-related river basin authorities.
Among the greatest challenges faced in transboundary water management in the region is the absence of a body that spearheads a Southern Africa-wide strategy for managing water. It is hoped that the Zambezi Watercourse Commission mooted in 2004, and finally expected to begin operations in 2009, will play this role and be the driver of the IWRM strategy.
“In the end that money was sent somewhere else,” says Dr Vogel. “This happens all the time. Proposals are never readily available when they are needed. Often we have had to help with feasibility studies, which the governments should do on their own.”
Dr Vogel could not say if similar money was available to other regions in Africa or whether there was better response elsewhere.
But he has a piece of advice for Southern African governments. He cautions that coming up with projects that will appeal to donors cannot be done at the drop of a hat, and suggests that governments start salting away bankable projects in case donors emerge without notice, as they often do.
Dr Chimwamurombe said there are many information gaps — for example, basic data on how pollution is affecting water supplies — in the water sector in SADC and that should inspire good projects. He said SADC had many shared aquifers which can spur development and reduce poverty if properly exploited.
“Someone can do a study on the likely impacts of using these resources on the environment, for instance,” he said.
However, while accepting that lack of capacity could partly explain the poor response to calls for projects for funding by donors, a senior water planning officer from Tanzania demurred, saying sometimes donors attach unacceptable conditions to their aid, which put off some governments.
“There was a time when a donor wanted Tanzania to privatise water management before aid could be released. There were heated exchanges and we told the donors to keep their money,” the expert said on condition he was not named citing organisational bureaucracy.
Dr Vogel would not put it past some donors to attach impossible conditions but stressed that all donors are not cut from the same cloth.
“We (GTZ) don’t attach any conditions beyond the requirement that projects submitted for funding fall within agreed development plans between SADC and other stakeholders. SADC is so advanced that donors can only buy into that development plan,” he said.
紹介だけで説明は省略。
１．Daily Sun （ナイジェリア）
A new onslaught against corruption
By OUR REPORTER
Thursday, January 15, 2009
Out of the concern that the dividends of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are not getting to the masses, a new initiative, Coalitions for Change (C4C), has reeled out its plans of action to counter this deplorable situation. During the briefing at the Tribune house, recently in Lagos, the Chairperson of C4C’s Programme Advisory panel (PAP), Professor Bolanle Awe, listed the focal areas of the new initiative to include, in the first instance.
Corruption *Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI) * Virtual Poverty Fund (VPF) * The Northern Nigeria Water Governance Initiative (NNWGI) and * Constitution Reform Dialogue Mechanism (CRDM).
Under corruption, Prof. Awe explained that it is one of the major focal points of C4C because it is a cankerworm that has permeated and destroyed every valuable fabric of the society. She stressed that corruption must be tackled because it is a whildfire that is ravaging the country: “It is deeply rooted, even up to the level of children in elementary school who believe they should be given hints of examination questions before they can pass very well. Unfortunately, the parents who should put the children on the right path encourage them to be fraudulent because they buy results for them! Those in leadership positions are not honest and responsible to their people.
“When we talk about the Omoluabi syndrome which entails that one should be upright, responsible and trustworthy, in all things, they look at you as if you are speaking the language of another planet.” All these, she pointed out, make it imperative that for any meaningful progress to take place in the country, corruption must first be eliminated. She added: “progress in the war against corruption is key for the successful implementation of economic and political reforms.”
To record meaningful impact in this regard, C4C will work with civil society organizations, government and diverse interest groups to help minimize opportunities for grand corruption in Nigeria – especially in the area of procurement. C4C will partner with initiatives such as “Fix Nigeria,” “National Anti-Corruption Coalition,” “National Anti-Corruption Volunteer Corps,” “National Integrity Outreach” and the “Integrity First Initiative” to achieve improved government’s responsiveness to the needs of ordinary citizens in respect of public spending and budgetary outcomes.
Focus will be on the process of adoption of an anti-corruption clause, engendering ownership by government and the design of a whistle blower arrangement.
Secondly, the NEITI becomes a major area of focus because, according to C4C, despite the fact that Nigeria is one of the first few countries to sign the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), the ordinary people are yet to benefit from the gains of improved revenue generation engendered by the comprehensive audits brought about in the oil, gas and other sectors of the economy.
The NEITI was launched in Nigeria in 2004 and there has been considerable increase in transparency relating to oil and gas revenue in recent years, while there is an upward trend in the participation of civil society organizations in the NEITI process.
However, to consolidate these gains and ensure proper responsiveness to the needs of ordinary citizens, the C4C, according to the PAP chairperson, “will work with partners to foster greater debate between stakeholders relating t the flow and accounting of extractive industry revenues. C4C will focus on the revenue alongside accountability and work on strengthening civil society’s capacity to understand these technical processes. By this, we will be able to measure what we generate from the country’s mineral resources – including gold, iron ore, and so on and the common people would know where to get what and how to get the technology to possess and process the resources.”
The third area of operation for C4C is the Virtual Poverty Fund whose gains the initiative would ensure gets to the masses. According to a C4C pamphlet: “During the 2003 – 2007 administration, the Nigerian government was successful in getting 60% of its national debt forgiven by the Paris club. These substantial savings of about $1 billion (about 140 billion naira) were invested in a Virtual Poverty Fund (VPF).
“C4C will work with civil society organizations, government and relevant interest groups to ensure accountability, transparent and effective use of the VPF money, as a strategy for enabling the government to achieve the Millennium Development goals (MDGs).
The programme will focus on monitoring the spending of the Debt Relief gains across three sectors – education, health and water, and make recommendations to bridge the gaps in project processes, selection, design, location and implementation, to ensure good management of public resources, and stronger formal accountability. C4C is working in partnership with the Centre for Democracy and Development (DD), Action Aid, the Justice Development and Peace Commission (JDPC), Ijebu Ode, and Concerned professionals to achieve these goals.”
To foretall the normal practice whereby beneficiaries of funds do not account for money collected, Prof. Awe said there would be effective monitoring and supervision, while non-accountable beneficiaries would not be given a chance. The fourth focal point, the Northern Nigeria Water Governance Initiative, is to ensure community resources are managed more equitably and sustainably by institutions. The Hadejia-Jama’ are-Komadugu-Yobe Basin (HJKYB) is a major river basin in north eastern Nigeria feeding Lake Chad. This major wetland spans six northern states, including Kano, Jigawa, Plateau, Bauchi, Yobe and Borno. There are about 15 million people living in this area and a number of development projects are working on integrated water resources management to improve the livelihoods of these people.
C4C, according to the chairperson, will work with diverse stakeholders across the region to help address the basin’s natural resources management issues through practical pilot demonstrations, policy reforms, and budget allocations in support of an integrated water resources management (IWRM) approach.
Lastly, the C4C is tackling CRDM to facilitate the involvement of all relevant stakeholders in the constitutional reform process.
In this case, burning national issues like the Niger-Delta agitations, for instance, could be considered, to strike a chord of equity and true federalism in the country.
The C4C, realizing that since 1999, there have been several attempts at amending Nigeria’s constitution, while the core issue remains how best to bring all voices together to agree on the best strategy to adopt “will identify key voices and national processes towards the actualization of a consultative mechanism for structured dialogue on constitutional reform.”
The C4C (Coalitions for Change), which is an initiative of the United States Department for International Development (DFID), overall, will look at what ways change could be brought about through improving the capacity of the people, by getting people more informed, looking at the weaknesses in the five focal points and creating ways of rectifying or improving those weaknesses for the benefit of the teeming masses of Nigeria.
Southern Africa: No takers for funds for water projects
By Moses Magadza
WINDHOEK — Nearly US$9 million of donor aid intended to support transboundary water management projects in southern Africa was diverted elsewhere after governments in the region failed to submit proposals for funding.
Experts in the water sector acknowledge that the Southern African Development Community (SADC) faces many challenges with regards to water. These include deteriorating quality and quantity of water and related problems of poor sanitation and access to safe drinking water and a lack of human and institutional capacity to manage water resources.
As it strives to implement an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) strategy, there is a wide consensus that the IWRM is the best way to spur development but the lack of clarity and a regionally acceptable blueprint on how the strategy can be implemented have hampered progress.
Zimbabwean scientist Dr Percy Chimwamurombe, who has worked on a number of environmental projects in southern Africa, says SADC governments need to strengthen their technical departments.
“SADC has a comprehensive regional development strategy. Member states must familiarise themselves with that strategy and figure out how they can come up with projects that would complement those development efforts,” he says.
Dr Chimwamurombe says SADC governments need to strengthen their technical departments. Indeed the failure of regional governments to apply for funds that could have strengthened these departments is puzzling.
“This was money available at very short notice and only available for a short period,” says Dr Horst Michael Vogel, programme coordinator with GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit), the German agency for sustainable development. “We were asked to identify projects for possible funding within about three months. The shocking thing for us is that (none of the SADC governments) had a project proposal, let alone a bankable one at the time.”
Vogel revealed that his organisation and other partners had conducted a survey among 15 international donors to determine which transboundary water projects they are supporting, for how long and at what cost.
He said the survey had revealed that donor support was still concentrated in major river basins like Zambezi, Orange, Limpopo and Kavango, while smaller basins get very little support. Dr Vogel said when the money was raised in late 2007 and calls were made for project proposals, there were promises but no action from the region's government-related river basin authorities.
Among the greatest challenges faced in transboundary water management in the region is the absence of a body that spearheads a Southern Africa-wide strategy for managing water. It is hoped that the Zambezi Watercourse Commission mooted in 2004, and finally expected to begin operations in 2009, will play this role and be the driver of the IWRM strategy.
“In the end that money was sent somewhere else,” says Dr Vogel. “This happens all the time. Proposals are never readily available when they are needed. Often we have had to help with feasibility studies, which the governments should do on their own.”
Dr Vogel could not say if similar money was available to other regions in Africa or whether there was better response elsewhere.
But he has a piece of advice for Southern African governments. He cautions that coming up with projects that will appeal to donors cannot be done at the drop of a hat, and suggests that governments start salting away bankable projects in case donors emerge without notice, as they often do.
Dr Chimwamurombe said there are many information gaps — for example, basic data on how pollution is affecting water supplies — in the water sector in SADC and that should inspire good projects. He said SADC had many shared aquifers which can spur development and reduce poverty if properly exploited.
“Someone can do a study on the likely impacts of using these resources on the environment, for instance,” he said.
However, while accepting that lack of capacity could partly explain the poor response to calls for projects for funding by donors, a senior water planning officer from Tanzania demurred, saying sometimes donors attach unacceptable conditions to their aid, which put off some governments.
“There was a time when a donor wanted Tanzania to privatise water management before aid could be released. There were heated exchanges and we told the donors to keep their money,” the expert said on condition he was not named citing organisational bureaucracy.
Dr Vogel would not put it past some donors to attach impossible conditions but stressed that all donors are not cut from the same cloth.
“We (GTZ) don’t attach any conditions beyond the requirement that projects submitted for funding fall within agreed development plans between SADC and other stakeholders. SADC is so advanced that donors can only buy into that development plan,” he said.
紹介だけで説明は省略。
2009年1月14日水曜日
５９：Smart Power for Water
今日のCNNニュースで次期国務長官のクリントン上院議員の公聴会での発言でsmart powerという表現があった。
軍事的なパワーだけでは外交戦略は不備であり、抜本的な解決に繋がらないので,
smart powerが必要だということのようだ。
早速CSISで０７年に発表され,
クリントン上院議員が引用した論文を斜め読みした。水に関してもいくつか記述あり。
Perceptions of American incompetence.
Throughout the Cold War, America projected an
image of vast technical competence. We sent human
beings to the moon. We coordinated the eradication
of small pox. We conducted winning wars
in Iraq in 1991 and Kosovo in 1999 that demonstrated
a towering technical proficiency. We gave
the world the impression that we could master almost
any technical problem. But recently we have
projected a different image. Our weak response
to the catastrophe caused by Hurricane Katrina
and our inability to restore civil order and basic
services such as electricity, water, and sanitation
to Iraq have created the impression that America
may have lost some of its technical edge.
Bring safe drinking water and sanitation to every person in the world.
The scarcity of safe
drinking water is reaching crisis proportions. The
WHO estimates that more than 1 billion people
lack access to clean water. Water insecurity could
potentially threaten security and stability in key
regions in the years ahead. Providing clean water
and working sanitation could help prevent disease
and prolong life. Providing potable water for
all people across the globe is an achievable and
relatively inexpensive endeavor—if we have the
leadership to tackle it. One of the MDGs focuses
on water, aiming to cut in half the percentage of
people without access to safe water by 2015. This
goal is supported by the Water for the Poor Act,
which President Bush signed in 2005—the first
time an MDG was written into U.S. law. The next
administration should launch a new U.S. development
initiative to spur the integration of innovations
in both development policy and technology,
in cooperation with multilateral and communitybased
partners and private organizations. The
costs of purifying water are falling due to emerging
technologies, and the U.S. government could
launch a concerted effort to bring these to areas
of priority need. The U.S. government should expand
its funding for both large-scale and smallscale
community-based water and sanitation efforts
in developing countries.
まあ当然のことなのだが。
軍事的なパワーだけでは外交戦略は不備であり、抜本的な解決に繋がらないので,
smart powerが必要だということのようだ。
早速CSISで０７年に発表され,
クリントン上院議員が引用した論文を斜め読みした。水に関してもいくつか記述あり。
Perceptions of American incompetence.
Throughout the Cold War, America projected an
image of vast technical competence. We sent human
beings to the moon. We coordinated the eradication
of small pox. We conducted winning wars
in Iraq in 1991 and Kosovo in 1999 that demonstrated
a towering technical proficiency. We gave
the world the impression that we could master almost
any technical problem. But recently we have
projected a different image. Our weak response
to the catastrophe caused by Hurricane Katrina
and our inability to restore civil order and basic
services such as electricity, water, and sanitation
to Iraq have created the impression that America
may have lost some of its technical edge.
Bring safe drinking water and sanitation to every person in the world.
The scarcity of safe
drinking water is reaching crisis proportions. The
WHO estimates that more than 1 billion people
lack access to clean water. Water insecurity could
potentially threaten security and stability in key
regions in the years ahead. Providing clean water
and working sanitation could help prevent disease
and prolong life. Providing potable water for
all people across the globe is an achievable and
relatively inexpensive endeavor—if we have the
leadership to tackle it. One of the MDGs focuses
on water, aiming to cut in half the percentage of
people without access to safe water by 2015. This
goal is supported by the Water for the Poor Act,
which President Bush signed in 2005—the first
time an MDG was written into U.S. law. The next
administration should launch a new U.S. development
initiative to spur the integration of innovations
in both development policy and technology,
in cooperation with multilateral and communitybased
partners and private organizations. The
costs of purifying water are falling due to emerging
technologies, and the U.S. government could
launch a concerted effort to bring these to areas
of priority need. The U.S. government should expand
its funding for both large-scale and smallscale
community-based water and sanitation efforts
in developing countries.
まあ当然のことなのだが。
2009年1月12日月曜日
５８：コンサルの覚悟
コンサル業界が弱体化している。小生の感想でもあり、周りからも聞く（オフレコだが）。
ODAの減少、コンサル企業の経営力低下、技術力の低下、学生の理系離れ、公共事業の激減などさまざまな要因があろう。悪循環のスパイラルである。
日本における海外コンサルの歴史は戦後からだが、８０年代以降はやはりコンサルのサラリーマン化が自主性を失った原因だろうか。それでも右上がりの経済状況から表面化してはいなかったか。個性的な人材は殆どいなくなったし、本音の議論もなくなった。
９９年に社内で５年後の海外コンサルはどうなっているだろうかというアンケートに「確実に赤字になる」と書いたら、事実そうなった。先読みはするべきではなかったが。
あれから１０年。事態はとんでもない方向になってきた。今年はコンサル業界最悪の事態になろう。しかし、だからこそ「覚悟」を持って立ち向かおうではないか！
成人の日、そんなことを思ったし、コンサルとしてどうすべきかを真剣に考えてみたい。今年は再出発というか、原点に返って本来のコンサル道を進む勇気を再認識した。
Who dares wins!! 海兵隊ではないが。
ODAの減少、コンサル企業の経営力低下、技術力の低下、学生の理系離れ、公共事業の激減などさまざまな要因があろう。悪循環のスパイラルである。
日本における海外コンサルの歴史は戦後からだが、８０年代以降はやはりコンサルのサラリーマン化が自主性を失った原因だろうか。それでも右上がりの経済状況から表面化してはいなかったか。個性的な人材は殆どいなくなったし、本音の議論もなくなった。
９９年に社内で５年後の海外コンサルはどうなっているだろうかというアンケートに「確実に赤字になる」と書いたら、事実そうなった。先読みはするべきではなかったが。
あれから１０年。事態はとんでもない方向になってきた。今年はコンサル業界最悪の事態になろう。しかし、だからこそ「覚悟」を持って立ち向かおうではないか！
成人の日、そんなことを思ったし、コンサルとしてどうすべきかを真剣に考えてみたい。今年は再出発というか、原点に返って本来のコンサル道を進む勇気を再認識した。
Who dares wins!! 海兵隊ではないが。
2009年1月10日土曜日
５７：水と気候変動への適応（GTZの新論文）
このブログでも水と気候変動に関する課題を取り上げているが、具体的にどのような行動を取るべきかははっきりしていない。
８９年に馬国の都市排水計画で海水上昇を気候変動との関係でどう捉えるかを考えたが根拠ある考え方も出来ず頓挫した。あれから２０年、随分と数値的な解析が進んだものだ。カナダではある橋梁の敷き高を気候変動を考慮して、通常設計値より７０ｃｍほど高くしたとの情報を得た。
さて本題だが、GTZは先々月の１１月に水と気候変動への適応（開発途上国に対する影響）という論文を発表した。気候変動による水文的変化、乾燥地域などの脆弱性などが水資源管理との関連において議論されている。重要なテーマだ。
開発途上国の水セクターにおいて、早期に行動すべき事項としては、下記を挙げている。
１．Integrating climate change into planning.
２．Expanding the water resource knowledge base.
３．Promoting use of water-saving technology and efficient water usage.
４．Reforming management and governance practices.
５．Augmenting water supplies.
６．Investing in multiple use water systems.
７．Supporting adaptive agricultural research.
８．Developing insurance schemes for agriculturalists.
９．Raising awareness among policy makers, opinion leaders, and the general public.
適応性強化に関しての国際援助機関の重要な役割については以下の３点を挙げている。
１．Policy analysis and change.
２．Infrastructure development and technology.
３．Changes in management and governance.
４０ページ弱の小論文なので頭の整理には丁度いい。GTZの研究報告のレベルは非常に高いので目が離せない。
８９年に馬国の都市排水計画で海水上昇を気候変動との関係でどう捉えるかを考えたが根拠ある考え方も出来ず頓挫した。あれから２０年、随分と数値的な解析が進んだものだ。カナダではある橋梁の敷き高を気候変動を考慮して、通常設計値より７０ｃｍほど高くしたとの情報を得た。
さて本題だが、GTZは先々月の１１月に水と気候変動への適応（開発途上国に対する影響）という論文を発表した。気候変動による水文的変化、乾燥地域などの脆弱性などが水資源管理との関連において議論されている。重要なテーマだ。
開発途上国の水セクターにおいて、早期に行動すべき事項としては、下記を挙げている。
１．Integrating climate change into planning.
２．Expanding the water resource knowledge base.
３．Promoting use of water-saving technology and efficient water usage.
４．Reforming management and governance practices.
５．Augmenting water supplies.
６．Investing in multiple use water systems.
７．Supporting adaptive agricultural research.
８．Developing insurance schemes for agriculturalists.
９．Raising awareness among policy makers, opinion leaders, and the general public.
適応性強化に関しての国際援助機関の重要な役割については以下の３点を挙げている。
１．Policy analysis and change.
２．Infrastructure development and technology.
３．Changes in management and governance.
４０ページ弱の小論文なので頭の整理には丁度いい。GTZの研究報告のレベルは非常に高いので目が離せない。
2009年1月7日水曜日
５６：エネルギーと灌漑との連携（IWMI政策ペーパー第２弾）
前回に引き続きIWMIのwater policy briefingである。現在まで４０論文あるが、今回は第１０号。それぞれタイトルだけでも興味を持つ。何というかインドの現場からの生々しい事実が報告されており一般論的なものではないからだ。まずは要旨を読んでいただこう。
The Energy-Irrigation Nexus
Electricity subsidies for farmers are an expensive legacy of past development policies. The result is overuse of both energy and water in groundwater-irrigated agriculture—threatening the financial viability of the power sector and the future of the groundwater resource itself, along with the livelihoods of the millions who depend on it.
The most popular solution is the metered tariff, promoted by international donors and many of India’s state governments. But metering is the ideal solution only if the cost of metering and billing 14 million scattered, small users in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh is ignored. Easier, more feasible and more beneficial in the short run in many parts of South Asia would be the use of a rational flat tariff, which avoids the transaction costs and strong farmer opposition associated with metering.
The flat-tariff option has been ignored because, in its current incarnation, it has proved a complete failure. However, combined with intelligent power supply rationing, it is a logical, viable alternative which could cut wasteful groundwater use by 12-18 km3 per year in Western and Peninsular India alone.
The approach would involve (1) gradually raising tariffs to cut power utility losses; (2) supplying farms with fewer hours of power per year, but ensuring a quality power supply during periods of moisture stress; and (3) metering at the feeder level to measure and monitor farm power use, to allow good management.
以前比国のビコール川流域のIWRM計画を担当したが、あちこちにポンプ灌漑の廃墟がある。電力を利用を想定した施設だったが料金が払えず、結果ディーゼルエンジン利用に変えたが、それも不可能になって廃墟だ。７０年代、USAIDによる支援の成果がこれだ。
nexusというとやや高尚なイメージだが、この論文が示すエネルギー利用と灌漑の水効率向上は実務的な課題である。IWRMもこうした具体的で現場の取り組みの積み重ねが勝負ではないのか？インド人の発想も中々すばらしい。国際的な常識に囚われていない。
The Energy-Irrigation Nexus
Electricity subsidies for farmers are an expensive legacy of past development policies. The result is overuse of both energy and water in groundwater-irrigated agriculture—threatening the financial viability of the power sector and the future of the groundwater resource itself, along with the livelihoods of the millions who depend on it.
The most popular solution is the metered tariff, promoted by international donors and many of India’s state governments. But metering is the ideal solution only if the cost of metering and billing 14 million scattered, small users in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh is ignored. Easier, more feasible and more beneficial in the short run in many parts of South Asia would be the use of a rational flat tariff, which avoids the transaction costs and strong farmer opposition associated with metering.
The flat-tariff option has been ignored because, in its current incarnation, it has proved a complete failure. However, combined with intelligent power supply rationing, it is a logical, viable alternative which could cut wasteful groundwater use by 12-18 km3 per year in Western and Peninsular India alone.
The approach would involve (1) gradually raising tariffs to cut power utility losses; (2) supplying farms with fewer hours of power per year, but ensuring a quality power supply during periods of moisture stress; and (3) metering at the feeder level to measure and monitor farm power use, to allow good management.
以前比国のビコール川流域のIWRM計画を担当したが、あちこちにポンプ灌漑の廃墟がある。電力を利用を想定した施設だったが料金が払えず、結果ディーゼルエンジン利用に変えたが、それも不可能になって廃墟だ。７０年代、USAIDによる支援の成果がこれだ。
nexusというとやや高尚なイメージだが、この論文が示すエネルギー利用と灌漑の水効率向上は実務的な課題である。IWRMもこうした具体的で現場の取り組みの積み重ねが勝負ではないのか？インド人の発想も中々すばらしい。国際的な常識に囚われていない。
2009年1月6日火曜日
５５：開発途上国でのIWRM実践の難しさ
IWMIはTATAの協力を得てWater Policy Briefingを随時発行しているが、中々面白いものもある。
下記はそのシリーズの２４号の要旨である。
”IWRM Challenges in Developing Countries: Lessons from India and elsewhere”
Developing countries like India are actively being encouraged to move from the traditional supply-side orientation towards proactive demand management under the broad framework of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is a sound philosophy which is hard to disagree with. However, in developing countries, what usually gets passed-off in the name of IWRM at the operational level takes a rather narrow view of the philosophy and has largely tended to include a blue-print package including:
[1] A national water policy;
[2] A water law and regulatory framework;
[3] Recognition of River Basin as the appropriate unit of water and land resources planning and management;
[4] Treating water as an economic good; and
[5] Participatory water resource management.
Several of these mark a significant shift from current paradigms and making this transition is proving to be difficult. Drafting new water laws is easy; enforcing them is not. Renaming regional water departments as basin organizations is easy; but managing water resources at basin level is not. Declaring water an economic good is simple; but using price mechanisms to direct water to high-value uses is proving complex.
As a consequence, the so-called IWRM initiatives in developing country contexts have proved to be ineffective at best and counterproductive at worst.
Converting a philosophy into practice is a challenge. Recent IWRM experiences in developing countries present a case in point. At the operational level, they take a rather narrow view of the concept and have largely tended to be introduced as a blueprint package. The key to successful IWRM implementation is integration—of the local resources and in the local context.
こういう論文を載せるIWMIが気に入った。著者の視点もインド人らしい。
下記はそのシリーズの２４号の要旨である。
”IWRM Challenges in Developing Countries: Lessons from India and elsewhere”
Developing countries like India are actively being encouraged to move from the traditional supply-side orientation towards proactive demand management under the broad framework of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is a sound philosophy which is hard to disagree with. However, in developing countries, what usually gets passed-off in the name of IWRM at the operational level takes a rather narrow view of the philosophy and has largely tended to include a blue-print package including:
[1] A national water policy;
[2] A water law and regulatory framework;
[3] Recognition of River Basin as the appropriate unit of water and land resources planning and management;
[4] Treating water as an economic good; and
[5] Participatory water resource management.
Several of these mark a significant shift from current paradigms and making this transition is proving to be difficult. Drafting new water laws is easy; enforcing them is not. Renaming regional water departments as basin organizations is easy; but managing water resources at basin level is not. Declaring water an economic good is simple; but using price mechanisms to direct water to high-value uses is proving complex.
As a consequence, the so-called IWRM initiatives in developing country contexts have proved to be ineffective at best and counterproductive at worst.
Converting a philosophy into practice is a challenge. Recent IWRM experiences in developing countries present a case in point. At the operational level, they take a rather narrow view of the concept and have largely tended to be introduced as a blueprint package. The key to successful IWRM implementation is integration—of the local resources and in the local context.
こういう論文を載せるIWMIが気に入った。著者の視点もインド人らしい。
2009年1月4日日曜日
５４：温故知新（先人の肩に乗る）
水政策のレビューをすると何回か目にする言葉がある。日本にも水五則というものがあるが、下記は経済学者のものである。６４年だからもう半世紀も前で丁度ケネディー大統領が新しい水資源政策を示したころである。半世紀たっても時代遅れでないところが面白い。（そう言えば、川の存在しないサウジで水五則を紹介した水コンサルがいたが砂漠の民に理解されただろうか。彼のために私訳したが。）詩人でもあるアメリカの著名な経済学者である。
Questioning the water certainties late in the period of the hydraulic mission - 1964
'Water is far from a simple commodity
Water’s a sociological oddity
Water’s a pasture for science to forage in,
Water’s a mark of our dubious origin
Water’s a link with a distant futurity
Water’s a symbol of ritual purity
Water is politics; water’s religion
Water is just about anyone’s pigeon.
Water is frightening, water’s endearing,
Water’s a lot more than mere engineering.
Water is tragical, water is comical
Water is far from Pure Economical.
So studies of water, though free from aridity,
Are apt to produce a good deal of turbidity'
Kenneth Boulding 1964
Questioning the water certainties late in the period of the hydraulic mission - 1964
'Water is far from a simple commodity
Water’s a sociological oddity
Water’s a pasture for science to forage in,
Water’s a mark of our dubious origin
Water’s a link with a distant futurity
Water’s a symbol of ritual purity
Water is politics; water’s religion
Water is just about anyone’s pigeon.
Water is frightening, water’s endearing,
Water’s a lot more than mere engineering.
Water is tragical, water is comical
Water is far from Pure Economical.
So studies of water, though free from aridity,
Are apt to produce a good deal of turbidity'
Kenneth Boulding 1964
2009年1月3日土曜日
５３：BBCでの最初のIWRM取り上げ記事（03年だった）
下記ご参考あれ。03年6月だった。
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/talking_point/2969354.stm
Published: 2003/06/07 12:15:28 GMT
© BBC MMIX
Why the world needs to act fast
| By Richard Jolly Chair, Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council |
It is ironic that Evian, internationally known for its bottles of sparkling clear water, should have hosted last weekend's summit which achieved virtually nothing to deal with the major problems of water round the world.
Story from BBC NEWS:The French put water on the agenda and pushed for action. But the meeting was hijacked by the post-war politics of Iraq.
An irony, considering in the final count more Iraqis would have died from diseases caused by contaminated water and overflowing sewage systems in the cities of Baghdad and Basra than from bombs and bullets.
Moreover, this year is the UN's International Year of Freshwater.
Its agenda of priorities and targets were set by the World Summit for Sustainable Development in Johannesburg last year and by the Third World Water Forum in Kyoto last March.
New approach to water
Each of these forums underlined the risks of water scarcity in the coming decades and the urgent need for action in all countries and at all levels: local, national, regional and global.
The starting point is what is known in the jargon as "integrated water resource management" - IWRM.
This means recognizing water as a key resource with multiple uses - for drinking, agriculture, industry and for maintaining health and cleanliness of communities and cities.
IWRM requires a new approach to policy and planning everywhere, one in which water is used sustainably.
The human cost
Then there are the priorities of the global poor. The 1.2 billion people who lack access to the most basic resource: clean water. And more than double that number lack adequate sanitation.
At any given moment, almost half of the world's poor are sick from unsafe water and sanitation.
Disease in early childhood is one of the main causes of malnutrition, poor physical and mental growth and early death.
Lack of clean water supply and sanitation creates a daily environment of squalor and saps economic growth.
The road ahead
So what can be done? ? The answer is much more and more rapidly than the G8 were apparently willing to recognize.
There are the priorities for action - provided by the goals set in New York at the Millennium Summit in 2000 and reinforced in Johannesburg last September.
These depend on country level action and many countries are preparing or implementing national plans of action.
Contrary to what some critics may say, nearly 70 developing countries, with about half the Third World's population, are on track to halving the number of people without access to clean water by 2015.
However, another 25 countries, with nearly 40% of Third World population, are lagging far behind. And there is no data at all for the remaining countries.
These realities provide a huge challenge for international action and support.
All countries need to be encouraged and supported in preparing their national plans of action - for achieving the goals within a frame of IWRM and for achieving long run sustainability in water use and environmental protection.
Second, poorer countries need financial and sometimes technical support for accelerating action towards the goals - for water but also for sanitation and hygiene.
In fact, lack of adequate sanitation and basic hygiene is often responsible for more ill health than unsafe water.
One key priority is to ensure that every school has hygiene in the curriculum and separate toilet facilities for boys and girls by 2010.
The lack of such facilities at present is a major cause of girls not being in school.
Better management
Finally, the economic constraints must be tackled. The recent Camdessus Report on Financing Water for All sets out new possibilities for increasing the resources available.
Along with more resources, is the requirement for better management and use of present resources.
At present, 80% to 90% of expenditure on water and sanitation goes to urban areas where the richer people live.
To meet the goals, a shift in the proportion of resources going to services for the low income communities in shanty towns and rural communities is the highest priority.
This can be financed in several ways: by encouraging new forms of community contribution, by increasing charges from the better off and internationally, by channelling debt relief and aid into more support for water and sanitation for the poor.
The G8 was a missed opportunity. But action need not wait for global leaders to wake up to the real challenge in the years ahead: Water for People, Water for Life. .
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/talking_point/2969354.stm
Published: 2003/06/07 12:15:28 GMT
© BBC MMIX
登録:
投稿 (Atom)